The cornea, which is the clear outer layer of the eye, is the first tissue affected by UV exposure. The high energy UV radiation can cause a very painful burn to the cornea. This can be experienced by a welder as a ‘flash burn’ from the high intensity, high energy welders arc. The sudden, intense UV light is absorbed by the cells of the cornea and can cause them to be damaged and die. A welder will tell you that it is very painful. Those who spend a lifetime working in the sun, especially those in a highly reflective environment (water, or snow), or live close to the equator, have chronic UV exposure which can result in degenerative diseases of the cornea and damage to the surrounding conjunctiva.
The next tissue to absorb UV light is the lens of the eye. Similar to the lens of a camera, the lens of the eye is a clear structure, located behind the pupil. Its role is to focus light to the retina in the back of the eye. Long-term exposure to UV radiation can change the structure of the proteins within the lens of the eye. (2, 3) This restructuring of the matrix of the lens results in a lens that is no longer clear. The cloudiness within the lenses is called a cataract. Keep in mind, UV exposure is not the only cause of cataracts.
UV light, which is not absorbed by the cornea or lenses, passes to the retina, which is the last structure to absorb the UV radiation. The energy of UV radiation, particularly the higher energy UVB, can damage the light sensitive photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), resulting in a cascade of events leading to cell death. An inflammation of the retina (retinitis) can result from an intense exposure, like looking at an eclipse or a day spent looking at the highly reflective water or snow, which is the double whammy of direct sun UV radiation and reflected UV radiation. A lifetime of chronic UV and blue visible light exposure is thought to be one of the causes of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).(4) Research suggests that not only is UV radiation harmful to the retina, but intense blue/violet radiation from the visible light spectrum may also be damaging to the retina.(5) This has become known as the ‘blue light hazard.’ (6)
The “blue light hazard’ refers to the accumulation of damage to the eye from the higher energy end of the visible light spectrum (High Energy Visible, HEV). The hazard is that while much of the UV radiation is absorbed by the cornea and lens, visible light in the blue/violet part of the visible spectrum makes it all the way to the very sensitive photoreceptors of the retina. These blue/violet wavelengths of the visible spectrum have higher energy than the green, which is termed medium energy, and red wavelengths, which are referred to as low energy. It is the higher energy of blue light (HEV) that is the ‘hazard,’ with the potential to cause damage to the light sensitive photoreceptors and eventual cell death with intense and/or long-term exposure. Exposure is constant and cumulative, that is to say, the negative effects may not be immediate, but accumulate over a lifetime.
Ocular Defenses
The eye has its natural defenses. The cornea and the lens of the eye absorb much of the UVA and UVB radiation which protects the very sensitive retina. Interestingly, as we age, our lenses take on a yellowish hue. This in and of itself provides additional protection for the retina, by blocking UV and some blue light. Those that have the most crystal clear lenses, like children and those who have had cataract surgery, have less of this natural defense, and in turn should be alert to eye protection.
The pupil is a diaphragm that opens or closes proportionally to the brightness of light. The pupillary reflex is to get smaller, admitting in less light to protect the retina.
The retina has the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the macular pigments; lutein and zeaxanthin. The macular pigments filter out the UV and short wave blue light radiation before it reaches the photoreceptors. The RPE also scavenges for the potentially damaging free radicals.(7,8) These macular pigments naturally decrease with age. This is another reason why it is predominantly the senior population that develops age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Anti-oxidants within the retina provide protection by sweeping up and neutralizing the reactive products, called free radicals of retinal metabolism. A diet poor in anti-oxidants, such as vitamin C and vitamin E, leaves the retinal tissues vulnerable to oxidative damage from high energy UV and blue light radiation.
There are risk factors that predispose someone to blue light damage, such as low macular pigment, tobacco usage, hereditary factors, and a lifetime of HEV radiation exposure. The diseased retina, depending on the disease process, may have these defenses compromised, resulting in a greater predisposition to damage by UV and blue/violet light.
Various visual aids, assistive technologies, and adaptive techniques are used to help individuals with macular degeneration. Magnifying lenses, electronic magnifiers, screen reading software, and eccentric viewing are used to assist reading and make daily tasks more manageable for those with vision loss.
Macular degeneration affects the central vision area while leaving peripheral vision intact. Therefore, these individuals still have some level of functional vision for activities that don’t rely heavily on central vision.
What does a person with macular degeneration see?
The vision of a person with macular degeneration varies depending on whether it is dry or wet macular degeneration and the stage of degeneration. The specific visual experience can vary among individuals, and the progression of the condition may differ from person to person. Here is how the vision of individuals with macular degeneration may perceive their surroundings: Blurred: In the early stages, individuals may experience mild blurriness. The perception is that they need a new eyeglass prescription. When examined by an eye care physician, the doctor is unable to clear the blurriness with a new eyeglass prescription. Metamorphopsia: is experienced in the early stage of macular degeneration. Metamorphopsia is a term used to describe the perception of distorted shapes or objects. For example, straight lines may appear curved or wavy, and printed words will appear jumbled.
Metamorphopsia, the distortion seen with macular degeneration. The Amsler grid used to detect distortion and monitor for changes >>>
Loss of central visual acuity occurs in more advanced stages because there are more and larger drusen and pigment changes that occur in the retina. The vision loss may be gradual, but has become more noticeable and challenging for the person with macular degeneration to use their central vision. Central blind spot: In advanced stages, individuals may lose a significant portion of their central vision. This can impact activities that require sharp, detailed vision, such as reading, recognizing faces, and driving
Interestingly, people with macular degeneration do not say that they see a “hole in their vision.” Black, grey, or otherwise. The brain has this great capability to ‘fill in’ the space. However, it can’t see what it can’t see, meaning it will fill in with the background colors of the surrounding area. While macular degeneration affects central vision, the peripheral vision, in most cases, is relatively unaffected. This means that individuals may still have functional peripheral vision for activities that don’t heavily rely on central vision. Magnification and eccentric viewing are used to compensate for the loss of the central vision.
Can you still read if you have macular degeneration?
Reading can become challenging for individuals with macular degeneration, particularly in the advanced stages. There are strategies and assistive devices that can help individuals with macular degeneration to continue reading:
Magnifying Reading Glasses: Specialized reading glasses with built-in magnification can be prescribed to help individuals with macular degeneration. There is a limit as to the amount of magnification that can be used comfortably.
Magnification Devices: Most of us are familiar with the optical types of magnifiers. These are things like hand-held and stand magnifiers. These are relatively inexpensive and are readily available in department stores and drugstores. Telescopes can also be modified to be used as near reading aids.
Electronic Magnifiers Electronic magnifiers utilize digital magnification and are known as video magnifiers or closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems. These systems use a camera to magnify and display text on a screen. These technologies allow for adjustable magnification levels and contrast settings.
Large Print Books. Reading materials with larger fonts and increased contrast can make it easier for individuals with macular degeneration to read. Large print material is often combined with magnification devices for those with significant vision loss.
Audiobooks and Speech-to-Text software: Audiobooks or software that converts text-to-speech can be valuable alternatives for accessing written content without relying on visual reading. The visually impaired who do extensive reading with magnification devices may experience eyestrain and/or headaches. Audiobooks and text-to-speech software can speed up reading and productivity. Wondering why you get headaches: link to Why Those with Low Vision Suffer with Eyestrain and Headaches
Text-to-Speech Apps Enlarging print on a cell phone or tablet may not be sufficient. Designers of mobile devices have installed accessibility features allowing individuals to listen to written content rather than reading it visually. Various apps for mobile devices offer text-to-speech functionality. As a bonus, most have speech-to-text capability for those who have difficulty seeing the very tiny keyboard. In this way, messages and emails can be sent by dictation. Be prepared for some funny speech-to-text interpretations of the spoken word.
Braille For individuals with more severe vision loss and progressive conditions, learning Braille can provide a tactile method of reading.
Magnifying eyeglassesHand-held optical magnifiersVideo magnifiersMLS digital audio book player
Here are several good articles on types of magnification used by those with macular degeneration:
How else can magnification help those with macular degeneration to see?
Magnification helps the visually impaired to read, but there is technology to help with other aspects of daily living. Telescopes and smart glasses can be valuable tools for individuals with visual impairments, helping to enhance their vision and improve their ability to engage with the world. Telescopes for the Visually Impaired: Distance Viewing: Telescopes can bring distant objects closer and make them appear larger. This is particularly helpful for recognizing faces, reading signs, or watching television. Spotting and Identification: Telescopes with adjustable magnification can assist in spotting and identifying objects. In this way, they are used intermittently. A user positions the scope in front of the eyes to see a point of interest in the distance, such as details on a whiteboard or a presentation screen, and then moves it aside. Outdoor Activities and Events: Individuals with visual impairments can use telescopes for activities like bird watching, stargazing, or observing nature, providing an enriched sensory experience. If a sporting event or theater does not have disability accommodations for the visually impaired, telescopes can be used for a close-up view of the action. Orientation: Telescopes can aid in orientation by allowing users to see landmarks or points of interest from a distance, providing additional information about their surroundings. Again, the telescope is used intermittently. This is the best option for those on the move, for example, sightseeing or navigating a city. The ‘New’ Telescopes: Smart Glasses for the Visually Impaired: Smart glasses are the new digital version of optical telescopes. Smart glasses have built-in cameras and displays that can provide real-time magnification of the user’s surroundings. Smart glasses can be connected to Smartphones or other devices, allowing users to access additional features, such as voice commands, voice assistants, and apps that enhance their overall experience. Some smart glasses are equipped with text recognition software, allowing users to receive spoken or displayed information about the text in their field of view. This is particularly beneficial for reading signs, labels, or documents. GPS technology integrated into smart glasses can assist with navigation, providing auditory cues or visual prompts to help users move around safely. Smart glasses offer more in the way of functionality than the standard telescope. The downside is they can be more difficult to operate without assistive training. Some distributors of these devices provide training either in-person or on-line. The other consideration is the greater expense of these devices. To learn more about electronic glasses, see my other article: Both telescopes and smart glasses are part of a broader range of assistive technologies designed to empower individuals with visual impairments. The choice between these devices depends on the specific needs and preferences of the user, and a comprehensive assessment by vision professionals can help determine the most suitable solutions.
Eccentric viewing is a technique used by individuals with macular degeneration or other central vision impairment, to optimize their remaining peripheral vision for tasks that typically rely on central vision, such as reading. Eccentric viewing is an adaptive technique that involves consciously directing the gaze to use the healthier areas of the retina, often located in the peripheral vision, to compensate for the central vision loss. Eccentric viewing involves training individuals to shift their gaze away from the central blind spot and use a different area of the retina to capture visual information. For reading, individuals learn to focus on text by shifting their eyes, allowing them to see the words around the blind spot. This may involve positioning the reading material in a specific way or using tools like magnifiers. Eccentric viewing is not limited to reading; it can be applied to various visual tasks, including recognizing faces, watching television, or performing other activities that require central vision. Using assistive devices, such as magnifiers or electronic magnification systems, complement eccentric viewing strategies to enhance the individual’s ability to perform specific tasks. Eccentric viewing is often taught through vision rehabilitation programs or low vision therapy. These programs are designed to help individuals maximize their remaining vision and develop strategies for daily activities. The techniques and strategies involved in eccentric viewing can vary from person to person. Rehabilitation professionals work with individuals to tailor the approach to their specific vision needs and preferences. Eccentric viewing is part of a comprehensive approach to managing low vision and maximizing functional vision in individuals with conditions that affect central vision. It is often integrated into a broader rehabilitation program aimed at improving independence and quality of life for individuals with visual impairments.
Retina of a right eye, indicating the central macular area and the peripheral areas of the retina used for eccentric viewing
In the End…
Macular degeneration can significantly impact daily activities, and individuals with this condition often benefit from visual aids, adaptive technologies, and support from low vision specialists to maximize their remaining vision and maintain independence. Regular eye examinations are essential for monitoring and managing macular degeneration. If you, or someone you know, is experiencing vision changes, it’s important to consult with an eye care professional for a thorough examination and appropriate recommendations
Just starting out on your macular degeneration journey? Here is a comprehensive article about macular degeneration:
Low vision therapy exercises are specialized training exercises crafted to assist visually impaired individuals in utilizing their remaining vision effectively, with or without devices. These exercises aim to optimize the use of residual vision, improving the ability to carry out activities of daily living (ADL).
These exercises are typically conducted under the guidance of a vision rehabilitation specialist or an occupational therapist, tailored to the individual’s specific needs and the nature of their visual impairment.
Several factors can influence the success of vision training. Age, motivation, family support, depression, and living circumstances can either facilitate or hinder the learning process.
It’s important to note that progress in vision training is gradual. Learning new skills may require 2 to 4 weeks of daily practice. During this time, the visually impaired individual may experience feelings of frustration, discouragement, or impatience. Those with more severe vision loss may require an extended period to learn how to best utilize their residual vision.
What are the types of low vision exercises?
Vision loss manifests in various forms, and therapy exercises must be customized accordingly. It’s crucial to tailor these exercises to the individual’s specific needs and objectives.
It’s important to recognize that some vision impairments cannot be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited retinal diseases fall into this category. Additionally, loss of peripheral vision, also known as “side vision,” is another common impairment, seen in conditions such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa.
1. Training in the use of low vision devices, principally magnification.
Low vision devices encompass a range of tools, from the simplest hand-held optical magnifiers to advanced video magnifiers, computer technology, and head-borne telescopes and electronic glasses.
Factors that training with low vision devices will address:
Is the device used with prescription eyewear?
Is the device to be used for near reading or the distance?
How far away from the eyes is the device best used?
How to hold the device.
The best lighting when using the device, and where the lighting should be located.
Learn how to use optional features of the device.
Training with low vision devices often involves trial and error, especially when devices are purchased online. If you or someone you know is having difficulty with a low vision device, it could be due to either the device not being the right fit or not being used correctly.
These training exercises are particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing central vision loss due to conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited retinal diseases.
They help the individual learn to utilize the peripheral areas of vision that are not affected by the disease. While these peripheral areas may not offer the same sharpness of vision as the central area once did, they can be immensely helpful when used in conjunction with magnification.
Through eccentric viewing, an individual gradually learns to rely on this “other” area of the retina as their preferred spot for seeing (known as the preferred retinal locus, PRL). Low vision eccentric viewing exercises aid in developing proficiency in identifying this area and swiftly referencing it for clearer vision.
Mastering eccentric viewing enables individuals to better utilize magnifying devices and enhances their ability to navigate their environment independently.
Interestingly, I’ve observed that younger individuals with visual impairments and those who experience a gradual loss of vision often naturally develop eccentric viewing skills without formal instruction or training.
3. Training Orientation and Mobility
Orientation refers to knowing your location in the environment relative to objects and walls, while mobility involves the ability to move safely and efficiently from one location to another within that environment. These essential skills are taught by highly specialized Orientation and Mobility Specialists.
This training is particularly beneficial for individuals who are blind or have severely restricted peripheral vision. Examples include those with conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa, end-stage glaucoma, or diabetic retinopathy.
O&M training techniques:
1. The Sighted Guide. The visually impaired grasps the arm of a trained guide just above the elbow and follows that guide to the side and slightly behind. The guide will give instructions by arm movement or verbally when approaching ‘obstacles’ such as door frames, stairs, curbs, and narrow passageways.
2. The Long (white) Cane. The low vision user sweeps the cane back and forth in a rhythmic manner to detect obstacles and changes in terrain. In this way, the cane is a tool of independence.
The cane is often used as a form of identification for the public to acknowledge the presence of the visually disabled. By law, they should be given the “right of way” (US).
There are ‘smart canes’ which utilize electronic technology to aid the visually impaired with detecting obstacles. One concern of the cane user is detecting objects above the waist. This technology can help identify these objects. They use tactile feedback in the form of vibration (haptic) feedback or audio navigation.
3. Guide Dog. The dogs trained as guide dogs are carefully screened for service characteristics. Once determined that a dog has the right temperament and capability, it is put through a rigorous training program before introduction to the blind or severely impaired client.
Those who choose to get a guide dog must themselves have good orientation and mobility skills and will need to develop dog handling skills.
4. O&M training with Electronic Devices. With the advent of smartphones and GPS technology available to the public, the blind and visually impaired benefit from using these devices.
Some devices are dedicated navigation devices like the Victor Reader Trek (Humanware) or smartphone GPS apps with step-by-step navigation. There is a learning curve with these devices. Electronic navigation can be safely used with orientation and mobility training.
Following Moving Objects: Tracking moving objects with the eyes helps to improve eye movement coordination and tracking abilities. This can help with reading skills and using low vision devices proficiently.
Scanning skills help with the localization of objects both near and at a distance. Someone with low vision can become more efficient and more independent using eye movement to scan their environment. This is especially helpful for those who have lost much of their peripheral vision.
5. Training in the Use of Bioptic Telescopes for Driving
Driving privileges for the visually impaired are determined by state legislators, who establish rules and regulations regarding who can drive with low vision. However, the practice of driving with bioptic telescopes remains controversial and restricted in many places.
Bioptic glasses are low vision assistive telescope devices designed to help visually impaired individuals qualify for driving privileges. However, this option is not available in all US states. In states where driving with a bioptic is permitted, rigorous training is required.
Before using a bioptic for driving, individuals must undergo evaluation by a low vision specialist or rehabilitation specialist to determine their eligibility. If deemed eligible, they receive extensive training with a certified instructor. This training encompasses learning how to effectively use the bioptic telescope while driving and developing the necessary skills for safe driving.
Licensure to drive with a biotic is not given to those who have not completed a training course.
Low vision is a visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication or surgery, but still allows some usable vision. Factors such as the severity and type of visual impairment, the individual’s desire for independence, and their specific lifestyle needs all play a role in this decision.
Low vision training can be immensely beneficial for individuals with conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and other vision-related disorders. These individuals often experience challenges in everyday tasks like reading, recognizing faces, navigating their surroundings, and maintaining independence.
Learning how to use visual aids, adaptive technologies, and alternative techniques can empower individuals to manage their condition effectively and improve their quality of life.
It’s also crucial to consider individuals who are experiencing changes in their vision. As vision deteriorates over time, the strategies and techniques taught in low vision training can help individuals adapt and continue to perform daily tasks with greater ease.
Where can someone with low vision get low vision training?
Individuals with low vision can receive low vision training from various sources and often involves a team of professionals who specialize in vision rehabilitation. Here are some places where someone with low vision can access training:
1. Rehabilitation Centers: Many countries have rehabilitation centers or clinics that specialize in vision rehabilitation. These centers often have a team of professionals, including orientation and mobility specialists, occupational therapists, and low vision therapists, who can provide training and support.
2. Specialized Schools for the Blind or Visually Impaired: Some regions have schools specifically designed for individuals with visual impairments. These schools may offer comprehensive vision rehabilitation services, including low vision training.
3. Private Low Vision Specialists: Low vision specialists, often optometrists or ophthalmologists, may provide individualized low vision assessments and training. These professionals can prescribe and teach how to use low vision aids and devices.
4. Local Rehabilitation Services: In many areas, local government or nonprofit organizations provide rehabilitation services for the disabled, including those with low vision. These services may include training in daily living skills, mobility training, and how to use assistive technology.
5. Occupational Therapists: Occupational therapists, who specialize in low vision rehabilitation, can provide training to help individuals adapt and develop strategies for daily activities.
6. Orientation and Mobility (O&M) Specialists: O&M specialists focus on helping individuals with visual impairments move safely and independently in their environment. They can provide training on navigation, mobility aids, and techniques for safe travel.
7. Support Groups and Non-profit Organizations: Joining local or online support groups for individuals with visual impairments can be a valuable resource. Some nonprofit organizations dedicated to supporting the visually impaired may offer training programs or connect individuals with appropriate services.
Additionally, local government agencies and organizations for the visually impaired may have information on available resources in the community.
In The End…
Low vision therapy exercises are a form of rehabilitation. These techniques teach the visually disabled to use their remaining vision and to learn adaptive skills. The goal is to improve their capability to function and thereby improve their quality of life. Learning low vision adaptive skills can help the low vision individual to be self-sufficient and maintain psycho-social well-being.
If you or you know someone having difficulty with adapting to vision loss, see:
Choosing between a video magnifier and a smartphone magnifying app for low vision individuals involves weighing factors such as portability, magnification needs, cost, and customization preferences. Before making a decision, it’s crucial to evaluate these aspects to find the best solution
While both magnify, each has advantages and disadvantages.
Considerations are:
Magnification: Video magnifiers typically have a higher magnification range than smartphone apps, making them better for individuals with severe visual impairments.
Portability: Smartphone apps are more portable and can be used anywhere, while video magnifiers are larger and are typically used in a fixed location. For this reason, smartphones are good for quickly reading short text like menus, price tags, product labels, etc. Video magnifiers work better for long- term reading. For example. filling out a form, reading instructions, and reading for work or pleasure.
Cost: Smartphone apps are generally less expensive (many are free) than video magnifiers, making them a more cost-effective option for some individuals.
Ease of Use: Both magnifying apps and video magnifiers are designed to be user-friendly, with simple controls. The video magnifier may have a larger display giving the user a larger field of view. They are also better for those with unsteady hands, as most video magnifiers rest on the page. While the user of a smartphone app must hover the smartphone over the reading material and may experience unsteady focusing, in and out, with small hand movements.
Features: Most video magnifiers come with additional features, such as adjustable lighting, adjustable color settings, and text-to-speech, that may not be available on smartphone magnifying apps. Originally, this was true, but I have found some apps with lots of features, especially premium versions. I have also found that some of these magnifying apps with lots of bells and whistles , may not be user friendly.
What should be considered when purchasing a video magnifier?
Here are some factors to consider when purchasing a video magnifier:
Magnification: Magnification is usually in steps (3X, 5X, 7X. 10X etc.) or as ‘zoom’ (continuous adjustable magnification.) Determine the maximum magnification needed based on visual acuity and choose a video magnifier with the appropriate magnification range.
Display Size: Consider the size of the display screen and make sure it is large enough for comfortable viewing. A small portable video magnifier is about 3 inches (7.6 cm) on the diagonal. The next step up is 5 inches (12.7 cm) or 7 inches (18 cm). A 10-inch (25.4 cm) screen is more of a tabletop model. The larger the screen, the better for practical magnification. Very large magnification on a small screen is not easy to use and not practical.
Portability: If the video magnifier will be used in different locations, consider the size and weight of the device to ensure it is portable and easy to carry. The 3 and 5-inch screen magnifiers can fit into a pocket. 7-inch screens are less portable and would need to be carried in a bag or backpack.
Image Quality: Look for a video magnifier with high image quality, clear and sharp images, and good color representation. The more expensive hand-held video magnifiers will use an HD or Full HD camera for better resolution.
Control Features: Consider the type of controls offered, such as touch controls, joystick controls, or voice commands, and choose a device that is easy to use. Most video magnifiers have large, colored, tactile buttons.
Additional Features: Some video magnifiers come with additional features, such as adjustable brightness and contrast, and adjustable color settings.
Price: Video magnifiers can be expensive. Smaller video magnifiers can e bought for $100. to $300. USD. Then there are the more expensive units, $600. to $1000. USD. They may be the same size but have more features and higher resolution for clearer images.
Warranty: Look for a video magnifier with a good warranty, covering repair or replacement in case of defects or damage. If it gets a lot of use, you can expect it to get banged around dropped at some point. I have had a few that quit working in my office for those reasons.
How to choose a magnifying app for your smartphone
Among the many helpful features available, smaartphone magnifying apps can significantly enhance the reading and viewing experience for the user. These apps utilize the smartphone camera to magnify and enhance text, images, and objects in real-time.
Choosing the right magnifying app for your smartphone can greatly enhance your ability to read and view objects, text, and images. Consider the compatibility, user interface, magnification features, text-to-speech functionality (this feature is not commonly found), lighting and contrast options, additional features, and user reviews when making your decision. Experiment with different apps if necessary to find the one that best suits your individual needs. Most are free.
With the right magnifying app, your smartphone can become a valuable tool for improving accessibility and independence in your daily life on the go.
Compatibility: Ensure that the magnifying app you choose is compatible with your smartphone’s operating system. Check whether it supports iOS or Android and confirm the minimum system requirements (your smaartphone’s version).
User Interface and ease of use: Look for a magnifying app that is user-friendly. The app should have easy-to-identify buttons that are large and obvious as to their function. The settings should be easily adjusted. The app design should be simple and clutter-free.
Magnification features: Look for an app that you can smoothly adjust the zoom to suit your needs. Some apps may also offer additional features like freeze frame, image stabilization, or color enhancement, which can further enhance visibility.
Text-to-Speech Functionality: In addition to magnifying, the app may have a built-in text-to-speech feature. This feature can read aloud the text displayed on the screen, making it easier for visually impaired users to access written information.
Seeing AI
The most popular app that uses text-to speech is not a magnifier but can read aloud text, and identify people, products, and currency: Seeing AI
5. Lighting and Contrast: Some options allow you to adjust brightness, contrast, and color settings to optimize the image for different lighting conditions and environments, ensuring optimal visibility.
6.Additional Features: Freeze frame or image capture allows you to save magnified images for later use. Another option is the ability to recognize and scan barcodes or identify colors.
7. User Reviews and Ratings: User reviews and ratings of the magnifying app are very helpful. Other users will point out what they like or dislike about the app’s performance, reliability, and usability.
8. Ads: Some free apps have ads and in-app purchases. You may find yourself waiting to X-out an ad before you can access the magnifier. It is usually the ‘premium’ purchased version that dispenses with the ads.
How to Use Your smartphone as a magnifier
Start with the accessibility feature of your smartphone:
Apple Magnifying app
Apple, iOS smartphone accessibility Magnifier app is a part of the Apple iOS library of apps and can be accessed 3 ways:
1. By tapping on the magnifier icon,
2. quick 3 taps on the on/off button (upper right), customize as accessibility shortcut, or
Android magnifier: uses the camera as a magnifier. Go to Settings >> Accessibility >> Visibility Enhancement (Vision) >> Magnifier. Turn on. Now the camera becomes a magnifier by tapping the screen of the open camera app, 3 times. Tap 3 times to return to camera mode. Not all android smarthones have this capability. Android users may need to download a magnifying glass app.
Popular Magnifying Apps
When choosing a magnifying app, try out a few apps to determine which one suits your needs and preferences. Here are a few examples of popular magnifying apps:
Supervision app
SuperVision + Magnifier. (Apple app store, Free, no ads). Its claim to fame is its image stabilization feature, especially good for those with unsteady hands. It zooms from near to distance, has a freeze frame, autofocus, high contrast option, and is easy to use. The developer is Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.
Magnifying Glass and Flashlight
Magnifying Glass and Flashlight, (Google Play, Apple App Store, Microsoft, Galaxy Store.) Free, but contains ads. Another popular choice, this app provides a magnifying glass with zoom levels ranging from 1x to 5x. If compatible with your system, it also includes a flashlight feature and the ability to capture screenshots to save to photos. It can also revert to the ‘selfie’ camera to use as a mirror for self-viewing.
Magnifying Glass and Mirror
Magnifying Glass and Mirror (Apple iOS) Free app with no ads. This app has image capture that can be saved to photos, brightness and contrast adjustment, and can use the ‘selfie’ camera so it can be used as a mirror for self-viewing.
These are just a few. Some apps have ads with in-app purchases, which usually means you can purchase an ad-free version.
I tried many apps. Each app has its own way of enlarging and a different set of feature icons on different screen locations. Most of the icons and printed instructions are very small. It will take a little practice and memorization as to where each function icon is located to be able to use the app proficiently.
In the end…
Both video magnifiers and smartphone apps have their strengths and weaknesses, and the best option will depend on the individual’s needs and preferences.
My recommendation is to learn to use a smartphone app for when you are out and about. It is a convenient option for quick text reading (for example: price tags, menus, product descriptions…). If you need to read longer text (for example: mail, filling out forms, reading instructions, recipes…), invest in a hand-held video magnifier. Using a video magnifier vs a smartphone magnifying app to read long text will be easier to use and less frustrating.
How to Set Up Accessible Video Gaming for The Visually Impaired Gamer
Visually impaired gamers can enjoy gaming with ease thanks to customizable controller settings, accessible gaming consoles, and games that are compatible with accessibility features. With a large screen to enhance the gaming experience, those with low vision can join the fun.
Gaming technology is making it possible for visually impaired individuals to immerse themselves in the world of video games.
Here are some steps you can take to set up accessible video games.
Step 1: Determining what accessibility features are needed and evaluate the options
The first step in setting up accessible video games is to determine what is needed based on the level of vision. This will help you understand what adaptations or modifications are necessary to make the games accessible. There are different levels of visual impairment, and understanding your child’s level of vision will help you choose the right games that fit their abilities.
As an adult, your needs will be important factor in helping to select a video game system. Accessibility features to consider:
Screen Reader can read aloud the text on screen and provide audio descriptions for elements on the screen, such as text and buttons for navigating the console.
Magnification, referred to as Zoom, to control the size of text on the screen.
Customization ability to control color filters, sound, contrast, controller options, and short-cuts. High contrast can help you distinguish between items and text on your screen.
Voice control utilizes an assistant like Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant. The digital assistant is used to turn the console on and off, start and stop play, and launch apps, videos, and games.
* There is an addendum at the bottom which explains how these features are used by the visually impaired for those readers not familiar with these technologies.
Some examples of accessibility features offered by well-known gaming systems:
Xbox has an accessibility feature called “Narrator” that provides audio descriptions of on-screen menus, game settings, and other in-game elements.
The Nintendo Switch also offers an accessibility feature called “Speak with IRIS,” which provides audio descriptions of what’s happening on the screen.
Sony’s PlayStation 5 and PlayStation 4 consoles offer accessibility features like Text-to-Speech, which reads on-screen text out loud, and Audio Description, which provides additional auditory information about in-game events and actions.
It’s worth noting that not all games are compatible with these accessibility features, but many modern games are designed with accessibility in mind and include features that make them more accessible to players with visual impairments.
Desk top or laptop computers as gaming systems.
Computers have screen readers, magnification, and high-contrast settings as a part of the accessibility settings and customization options standard on most platforms.
Voice recognition software can be uploaded to a PC or laptop which allows players to control the game using voice commands, which can be particularly helpful for visually impaired players who have difficulty using a mouse or keyboard.
Alternative input devices: Visually impaired players may use alternative input devices, such as a joystick, gamepad, or keyboard overlay, to control the game instead of a standard mouse and keyboard.
It’s important to experiment with different features and settings to find the ones that work best for each individual player.
Choose an accessible, easy to use controller. These are just a few examples of video game controllers that are accessible for the visually impaired. (Examples, not endorsements, not a complete list.) Remember to research and test different controllers to find what works best for you or your child. It’s also important to consider the game that will be played, as some controllers may be better suited for certain types of games. (Ex: Racing vs fighting)
Xbox Adaptive Controller – The Xbox Adaptive Controller is designed for gamers with disabilities, including the visually impaired. The controller features large programmable buttons and can be customized with a range of external devices such as switches and joysticks. It is unique because it is modifiable for those with other disabilities. Ref: You Tube TWIT Tech Podcast
Switch Pro Controller – The Switch Pro Controller features a large button layout and a comfortable grip. It can be used with the Nintendo Switch console and is compatible with a range of games.
Razer Wolverine Ultimate – This controller features a range of programmable buttons, including two remappable multi-function buttons. It has a comfortable grip and can be used with Xbox consoles and PC.
Hori Fighting Commander – This controller is designed for fighting games and features a directional pad, six-button layout, and turbo function. It can be used with a range of consoles, including the PlayStation 4.
PS4 DualShock 4 – The PS4 DualShock 4 controller features a touchpad, motion sensors, and a comfortable grip. It can be used with a range of games and is compatible with the PlayStation 4 console.
Logitech Gamepad F310 – This gamepad features a comfortable grip and a classic button layout. It can be used with a range of games and is compatible with PC.
A large screen or monitor can be the most helpful accessibility modification for visually impaired video gamer as it allows them to better see the game’s graphics and details. With a larger display, the on-screen elements of the game, such as text, characters, and objects, can be more easily distinguished and interpreted by the gamer. This can be particularly important in games that require precise timing or quick reactions, as a larger screen can help gamers to react more quickly to on-screen events.
In addition to providing better visibility, a larger screen can also reduce eye strain and fatigue, which can be a common issue for visually impaired individuals who spend extended periods of time in front of a screen. By reducing the need to strain to see the details on the screen, a larger display can help to minimize eye strain and provide a more comfortable gaming experience overall.
Step 2: Choose accessible video games
Finding accessible video games can be challenging, but it’s not impossible.
There are various accessible video games available that are designed to be accessible to visually impaired gamers. Some popular accessible games include Audio Games, which are designed to be played entirely through sound. Additionally, many mainstream video games are also being designed to be accessible to visually impaired gamers, with features such as audio cues, voice-activated controls, and high-contrast visuals.
Audio cues and text-to-speech: Look for games that include audio cues and text-to-speech features that provide additional information about the game world and the player’s actions. These features can be particularly helpful for visually impaired players.
Video games should include an accessibility options menu where players can adjust settings to make the game more accessible. Developers can use this menu to highlight the specific accessibility features that are available in the game and provide more detailed information about how these features work.
Look for information about the game’s accessibility features on the game’s website or in marketing materials. This information can include details about audio descriptions, high-contrast modes, text-to-speech features, and other accessibility options that are available in the game.
Step 3: Set up the gaming environment
Once you have chosen an accessible video console and game, it’s time to set up the gaming environment. There are several tools and resources available that can help make video games accessible to visually impaired gamers.
The console or computer you chose should have on-board accessibility features, principally Zoom and text reading.
Next, select a high-contrast display and a larger screen to help make gameplay more accessible. The gamepad or controller should have tactile markings to help make for easier navigation.
Consider purchasing a pair of high quality, noise-cancelling headphones. A visually impaired or blind gamer learns to use the audio cues in the game that help with movement, orientation and anticipating action.
Another option is stereo speakers, set to either side of the gamer to help them locate the direction of sounds.
Step 4: Test and adjust
After setting up the gaming environment, it’s essential to test the game to ensure it is truly accessible.
For children, sit with them and observe how they play the game, and make adjustments as necessary. This might involve tweaking settings in the game or adjusting the gaming environment. It’s essential to work with your child to determine what works best for them and make changes accordingly.
Likewise, an adult will benefit by having someone sit with them for an initial walk-thru. The guide can explain sounds, scenes, obstacles, and the actions of other characters.
Be patient. It may take a little practice and some learning. Blind gamers talk about memorizing steps and audio cues.
Step 5: Explore and have fun
With the right tools and resources, video games can be an engaging and fun way for the visually impaired to explore new worlds and challenge themselves.
Encourage your child to explore different games and discover what they enjoy playing. Remember to keep an open mind and try new things to find what works best for you or your child.
Virtual Reality Headsets for Playing Video Games
Virtual reality (VR) headsets are devices that allow gamers to experience video games in an immersive, three-dimensional environment. The headsets typically consist of a high-resolution display that is split into two screens, one for each eye, to create a stereoscopic 3D effect.
VR headset s can be stand -alone units or, more typically, connected to a computer or gaming console, which generates the 3D graphics and sends them to the headset in real-time. Some VR headsets also include built-in motion tracking sensors, which allow the gamer’s movements to be tracked in real-time, enabling them to interact with the game world using natural movements.
The result is a highly immersive experience that makes gamers feel like they are inside the game world. For example, a VR headset might allow a gamer to explore a virtual world by moving their head and body, rather than simply pressing buttons on a controller. This can make the gaming experience much more engaging and interactive than traditional video games.
Benefits of Gaming with Virtual Reality Headsets for Accessibility
Virtual reality headsets can be a game-changer for visually impaired individuals who want to experience gaming and explore new worlds. Here are a few ways that VR technology can be adapted to meet the needs of visually impaired gamers:
Audio descriptions: Some virtual reality (VR) headsets and VR games do provide audio description that can be used by the visually impaired. These descriptions can be triggered when the gamer interacts with different objects in the game world, providing an auditory cue that describes the object’s appearance, location, and other important details.
The availability of audio description in VR games and experiences may depend on the specific game or platform being used. For example, some VR games like Blind, which is specifically designed for visually impaired users, include audio description as a core feature. Other VR games may not include audio description by default, but may offer it as a mod or add-on created by the community.
Haptic feedback: Many VR headsets already include haptic feedback technology, which uses vibrations to simulate the sensation of touch. This technology can be adapted to provide feedback about the gamer’s environment, helping them navigate and explore the game world. (More about haptic feedback, later.)
Voice commands: Another way to make VR gaming more accessible is to incorporate voice commands. This can be especially useful for visually impaired gamers, who may find it difficult to navigate using traditional game controllers. With voice commands, gamers can navigate the game world and interact with objects using simple voice commands. Examples of VR with voice commands: Oculus Quest 2, Valve Index, PlayStation VR, HTC Vive Cosmos and Windows Mixed Reality headsets, such as the HP Reverb G2, which supports voice commands through the Cortana virtual assistant. (Cortana is Microsoft’s digital assistant.)
Spatial audio: Spatial audio is a technique that uses 3D sound to create the illusion of sound coming from different directions. This can be especially useful for visually impaired gamers, who can use the spatial audio cues to navigate and explore the game world more easily.
There are several virtual reality (VR) gaming headsets available on the market for purchase, (Examples, not a complete list.):
Oculus Quest 2 – A standalone VR headset that doesn’t require a PC or console to operate.
Valve Index – A high-end PC-based VR headset with advanced motion tracking and controller features.
HTC Vive Cosmos – Another PC-based VR headset with adjustable comfort features and inside-out tracking.
PlayStation VR – A console-based VR headset that works with the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5.
Oculus Rift S – A PC-based VR headset with improved optics and tracking features compared to its predecessor, the Oculus Rift.
HP Reverb G2 – A PC-based VR headset with high-resolution displays and a comfortable design.
Samsung Gear VR – A smartphone-based VR headset that works with select Samsung Galaxy smartphones.
Google Daydream View – Another smartphone-based VR headset that works with select Android smartphones.
Pico Neo 2 – A standalone VR headset with inside-out tracking and a comfortable, ergonomic design.
Varjo VR-2 – A high-end VR headset designed for professional applications, with advanced resolution and tracking features.
These are just a few examples of the VR gaming headsets that are currently on the market. Each headset has its own strengths and weaknesses, so it’s important to research and compare different models to find the one that best suits you or your child.
Haptic feedback is a type of tactile feedback that provides users with a physical sensation or vibration in response to a particular action or event. In the context of video games, haptic feedback is used to enhance the gaming experience by providing players with a more immersive and realistic sensory experience.
Haptic feedback can be delivered through a variety of devices, including game controllers, smartphones, and wearable devices. For example, many modern game controllers feature vibration motors that provide feedback when the player performs certain actions, such as firing a weapon or crashing a vehicle. Smartphones and wearable devices can also provide haptic feedback through vibration or other types of physical feedback.
Haptic feedback is designed to enhance the gaming experience by providing players with a more tactile and immersive experience. It can be particularly useful for players with visual impairments or other disabilities, as it provides a way to interact with the game world using touch and feel . Ref: Android Central
Setting up accessible video games for the visually impaired can be challenging, but with the right tools and resources, it’s possible to provide an engaging and fun gaming experience. Remember to work with your child to understand their abilities and find games that match their interests. With the right adjustments, video games can be an exciting way for visually impaired adults and children to learn, explore, and have fun.
* Addendum
How text-to-speech and magnification software can be used to make video games accessible for the visually impaired
Text-to-speech and magnification software are essential tools for making video games accessible to visually impaired individuals. Here’s how each software can be used to improve accessibility:
Text-to-speech (TTS) software is designed to read text on a screen aloud. In video games, this can help visually impaired players navigate menus, read instructions, and receive in-game information. TTS software can also read dialogue and character interactions, which helps visually impaired players engage with the storyline and characters.
TTS software can be adjusted to read at different speeds, which allows visually impaired players to hear the information at a pace that suits their needs. TTS software can also highlight the text that is being read aloud, making it easier for players to follow along.
Magnification software (referred to as Zoom) is designed to increase the size of on-screen elements, making them easier to see. This is particularly helpful for visually impaired individuals who have difficulty reading small text or distinguishing details in images.
In video games, magnification software can be used to increase the size of in-game text, maps, and other on-screen elements. Some magnification software can also enhance contrast, making it easier to distinguish between different colors and elements on the screen.
Magnification software can also be used in conjunction with screen readers to provide a more comprehensive gaming experience for visually impaired players.
An aside, consider two other forms of magnification: distance and size.
Distance magnification. The closer you are to the screen, the larger the game on the screen appears.
Size magnification: a large screen makes the game appear larger and smaller items more visible.
Adaptive sports and activities refer to sports and recreational activities that are modified or adapted to accommodate individuals with disabilities, including those with visual impairments.
These modifications can range from equipment adjustments, such as using beeping balls or special rackets, to rule modifications that allow players to use their sense of touch to participate in the game.
For visually impaired children, adaptive sports and activities are especially important as they provide opportunities for physical activity, socialization, and skill development. Participating in adaptive sports and activities can help children with visual impairments build self-confidence, improve physical fitness, develop social skills, and enhance their overall quality of life.
According to the World Health Organization, approximately 7 million children under the age of 15 worldwide are visually impaired with severe vision impairments that may not be correctable with eyeglasses.
Studies have shown that children with visual impairments are less likely to engage in physical activity compared to their sighted peers. Lack of access to adaptive sports and activities, fear of injury, and a lack of social support are barriers to getting involved.
A lack of physical activity can lead to obesity, poor cardiovascular health, and reduced agility. It can also contribute to poor mental health and social isolation.
The physical and mental health benefits of adaptive sports and activities for visually impaired children
By promoting inclusive environments and increasing access to adaptive sports and activities, we can help ensure that visually impaired children have the same opportunities for physical activity as their sighted peers.
Improved Physical Fitness: Adaptive sports and activities promote physical activity, which can improve cardiovascular health, increase muscular strength and endurance, and enhance flexibility and balance.
Increased Social Interaction: Participation in adaptive sports and activities can increase social interaction and foster a sense of community. It can also help children build friendships and develop social skills.
Boosted Confidence and Self-esteem: Adaptive sports and activities can boost a child’s confidence and self-esteem. Through participation, children can feel a sense of achievement, develop a positive self-image, and gain a sense of purpose and meaning in life.
Reduced Stress and Anxiety: Exercise is known to have stress-reducing effects, and adaptive sports and activities can help children manage stress and anxiety. It can also promote relaxation and improve mood.
Enhanced Cognitive Function: Participating in adaptive sports and activities can enhance cognitive function by improving memory, attention, and executive function. It can also improve problem-solving skills and boost creativity.
Improved Quality of Life: Adaptive sports and activities can improve the quality of life for visually impaired children. It can enhance physical health, mental well-being, and social connections, which can lead to a more fulfilling and enjoyable life.
Examples of adaptive sports and activities for visually impaired children
There are several adaptive sports and activities that are specifically designed for visually impaired children and adults. Examples include sports that are Paralympic sports:
Goalball: This is a sport specifically designed for visually impaired athletes. It is a popular Paralympic sport. The game involves two teams of three players each, and the objective is to throw a ball into the opposing team’s goal. The ball contains bells so that players can locate it through sound.
Beep baseball: This is a modified version of baseball that uses a ball that beeps to help players locate it. Bases also emit a beeping sound, and fielders use verbal cues to help guide their teammates.
Blind soccer (football): This is a modified version of soccer (football) that uses a ball with bells inside. There are only 4 field players and a goalie (5-a-side football). The goals are smaller, and the field is enclosed to keep the ball in play. This is also a Paralympic sport.
Judo: This is a martial art that emphasizes throws and grappling techniques, and it can be adapted for visually impaired athletes. The sport uses tactile cues and verbal commands to help competitors.
Swimming: This is a popular sport for visually impaired athletes, and can be adapted by using tactile markers at the end of each lane, and having a guide swimmer alongside the athlete.
Skiing: Visually impaired athletes can participate in downhill and cross-country skiing using special equipment and guides to help them navigate the slopes.
Tandem cycling: This involves a visually impaired athlete riding a bicycle with a sighted guide in front. The guide provides verbal cues and helps to navigate the course.
Track and Field: – there are a variety of adapted track and field events that visually impaired children can participate in, such as running and jumping events with the aid of a guide.
What can the parents do to help visually impaired children get involved in adaptive sports and activities?
Visually impaired children and their families can get involved in adaptive sports and activities through a variety of channels. Here are a few ways:
Contact local organizations: There are many organizations that provide resources and opportunities for visually impaired children to participate in adaptive sports and activities. These organizations often have programs and events that cater specifically to children with visual impairments. Examples of such organizations include the US Association of Blind Athletes, the National Beep Baseball Association, and the International Blind Sports Federation. * See resources at the end for a description of these organizations.
Reach out to schools: Many schools have adaptive physical education programs that provide opportunities for students with disabilities to participate in sports and other physical activities. Visually impaired children may be able to participate in these programs and receive specialized instruction from trained professionals.
Connect with community centers: Community centers often provide recreational programs that are accessible to individuals with disabilities. These programs may include adapted sports and other activities that are appropriate for visually impaired children.
Look for local events: Many communities host events and competitions for adaptive sports. Visually impaired children and their families can attend these events and get information about opportunities for participation.
Seek out adaptive sports equipment: Some sports require specialized equipment to accommodate visual impairments. Families may be able to purchase or borrow equipment through local organizations, schools, or community centers.
What are the challenges faced by visually impaired children participating in adaptive sports and activities?
Accessibility is one of the biggest challenges. Access to appropriate facilities and equipment can be a significant barrier for visually impaired children. Facilities may not be designed to accommodate visual impairments, and specialized equipment can be expensive or difficult to obtain. Specialized equipment and technology can help visually impaired children participate fully in sports and recreational activities.
Safety concerns: Safety is a concern for all athletes, but especially for the disabled. Coaches, trainers, and other participants may not be familiar with the needs and abilities of visually impaired children, which can increase the risk of accidents or injuries.
Coaches and trainers may need to provide additional instruction or support to ensure that visually impaired children can participate safely and effectively.
Social isolation is always a social concern for visually impaired children, but especially in activities such as sports and recreational activities. Because of fear or inexperience, they may lack the confidence to participate fully or feel excluded from certain activities.
Support networks can help visually impaired children overcome social isolation and emotional challenges related to their disability. Examples of support networks might include peer groups, mentors, and family members who can provide encouragement and emotional support.
Inclusion and accessibility are essential for ensuring that visually impaired children can participate fully in sports and recreational activities.
Communication barriers can prevent the visually impaired athlete from picking up sight cues during an activity. Teammates and coaches need to adapt their communication to utilizing distinct audio cues, like specific sounds or instructions. Establishing cues for communication between participants, and emphasizing collaboration and mutual support helps to break this barrier.
Emotional challenges: Visually impaired children may experience frustration, anxiety, and depression. These challenges can affect their ability to participate fully in sports and other activities.
Learning challenges: Coaches and trainers may need to provide additional instruction or support to ensure that these children can participate fully.
Training and coaching that are tailored to the needs of visually impaired children can help them develop the skills and confidence they need to participate fully in sports and recreational activities.
Sports and recreational activities can help visually impaired children develop important skills, such as teamwork, communication, and resilience.
A few real-life success stories of visually impaired children who have gone on to have excelled in adaptive sports and activities
Marla Runyan
photo by Thomas Boyd
Marla Runyan is a track and field athlete, cyclist, and marathon runner who participated in the Paralympics, Olympics, and Pan American Games. She has won 5 gold metals and one silver in track and field Paralympics, and a gold in the Pan American Games. She was the first legally blind athlete to compete in the Olympics.
Lex Gillette is a blind Paralympic athlete who competes in the long jump. He has won four silver medals and one bronze medal in the Paralympic Games, as well as multiple world championships. Gillette credits sports with helping him build confidence and develop a positive attitude towards his disability.
Johannes Aigner is an Austrian para alpine skier, who is visually impaired. He won five medals, including two gold, two silvers, and a bronze medals at the 2022 Winter Paralympics.
Overall, these success stories demonstrate the profound impact that adaptive sports and activities can have on the lives of visually impaired children and can help visually impaired children develop the skills and confidence they need to succeed in all areas of life.
The Future of Adaptive Sports and Recreational Activities for Visually Impaired Children
Efforts should be focused on development of more personalized and tailored training and coaching programs for visually impaired children. By understanding the unique needs and challenges of each child, we can help create customized programs that optimize their growth and development.
Continued collaboration and knowledge-sharing among organizations, researchers, and practitioners in the field of adaptive sports and activities is key to making advances.
The future of adaptive sports and activities for visually impaired children promises new technologies, innovations, and programs on the horizon. These innovations can help break down barriers and create more opportunities for participation, engagement, and personal growth.
Wearable technology, assistive robotics, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence are all examples of technologies that can help visually impaired children (and adults) participate more fully in sports and activities, and we can expect to see continued growth and development in this area.
Adaptive sports and activities are crucial for visually impaired children as they provide opportunities for physical activity, socialization, and skill development. These activities help children build self-confidence and improve their overall quality of life. By creating inclusive environments and promoting participation in adaptive sports and activities, we can help visually impaired children lead fulfilling and active lives.
* Resources
There are many resources and organizations that offer adaptive sports and activities for individuals with visual impairments. Here are some examples: (not a complete list.)
United States Association of Blind Athletes (USABA): The USABA is a nonprofit organization that provides resources, opportunities, and support for visually impaired athletes of all ages and abilities. They offer a variety of sports programs, including goalball, track and field, swimming, skiing, and more.
International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA): The IBSA is an international organization that oversees and promotes sports for athletes with visual impairments. They organize world championships and other events in a variety of sports, including goalball, judo, powerlifting, and more.
National Federation of the Blind (NFB): The NFB is a nonprofit organization that advocates for the rights and needs of blind individuals. They provide resources and support for adaptive sports and other recreational activities, as well as education and employment opportunities.
Disabled Sports USA (DSUSA): DSUSA is a nonprofit organization that provides adaptive sports opportunities for individuals with disabilities, including those with visual impairments. They offer programs in a variety of sports, including skiing, cycling, and rock climbing.
National Beep Baseball Association (NBBA): The NBBA is an organization that promotes beep baseball, a modified version of baseball designed for individuals with visual impairments. They provide resources and support for teams and players across the United States.
