What are the best low vision aid devices for children?

There are many assistive tools used in the classroom to help visually impaired students. Initially, a young student may use simple tools like large print and environmental changes. As the student transitions through the grade levels, they will need to learn to use electronic and digital technologies.

The challenge for the visually impaired student in the classroom is to adapt and make accessible text and other instructional materials to participate in the learning process. They must learn to use these assistive technologies and strive for independent learning.

Each student presents with a unique set of needs. There are not one or two options that work across the board for all students.

There are many assistive tools used in the classroom to help visually impaired students. As a child learns and develops, the assistive tools that they need will evolve.

The general categories are:

Non-optical aids

Optical aids

Electronic technology

Computer Technology

Tablets and Audiobooks

Non-optical tools for the classroom

Non-optical tools include environmental and classroom tools adapted for use by the student to make instructional materials accessible.

Environmental changes include optimal lighting, decreased glare, and increased contrast. Some students will require more light and may benefit from a seat near the window or lighting that is closer and more directional. Other children will need to avoid sitting near windows where the brightness of outdoor light could cause glare and discomfort.

Work surfaces should provide contrast and minimize glare. Avoid glossy work surfaces. Use a dark blotter to reduce glare and increase contrast on the work surface. Young children will benefit from color coding for learning activities.

Classroom tools: High-contrast writing and drawing tools: Non-optical tools are things like large print, dark-lined papers, bold pens, and pencils.

These tools can help children with visual impairment to see writing and drawing more distinctly. For example: bold line pictures, bold line paper, black bold line markers and pens.

Soft lead pencils (4B or 5B) or felt tip markers provide greater contrast on paper. Bold pens and pencils favored by those with low vision are usually pens indicating 1.6 mm or wider.

Bold lined paper, which has larger spacing between lines, or using color can help the student write more accurately.

Large and bold size text may need to be presented to students for reading, worksheets, and tests. The bold, high-contrast text helps students with low vision to read with greater ease.

Large print, children’s books can be found from most booksellers along with bold line paper. (See section ‘Electronic Tablets, eReaders, and Audio Books’)

image of 5 different typoscopes, large and small with varing numbers of slots cut into a black plastic sheet — typoscopes

Typoscope this is a flat black card with slot (s) cutout. It is used to help guide the student’s eyes along a line o text to minimize extraneous eye movements. This helps to train the child to make appropriate eye movements for reading efficiency.

Other non-optical tools:

image of a large button talking calculator

Calculators can be purchased that have large keys (some tactile), large displays, and some that give audible feedback (talking.) There are the simple function type or the more sophisticated scientific, graphing calculators. A few specialized types can be attached to a computer or CCTV to view on a larger screen. There are other talking devices like talking measuring devices and talking clocks.

These non-optical tools are needed for those young students who are learning to read and are developing visual motor skills. For children who have not yet developed skills in using low vision devices and adaptation techniques, large print can be a first step. This is not a long-term solution. Not all learning materials will be available in large print. A child must learn to use visual aids to access reading materials in the upper grades. As they progress, fewer of these modifications will be needed.

Optical magnification for the younger students

When large print is not available or it is insufficient to allow a student to read the texts, optical magnification can be the next step.

view thru a lens of a magnifying eyeglass

Magnifying eyeglasses. These are eyeglasses prescribed for near reading. These work well for children with mild vision loss if they are comfortable with the close reading distance. Magnifying glasses are not suitable for looking in the distance.

Hand-held magnifiers come in a variety of types and sizes and can help children with low vision to read and see small details more distinctly.

Stand magnifiers: These magnifiers are a type of optical magnifier mounted on a stand, making it easy for children to use.

image of 4 stand magnifiers — 4 Stand magnifiers. The 2 on the right are dome magnifiers.

Dome magnifiers are stand magnifiers favored for use by children. They rest on the page and can be easily slid across the page. Dome magnifiers are a thick plastic (or glass) lens that has the added benefit of ‘gathering light’ to brighten the reading material. Sometimes they are called ‘bright field’ magnifiers.

Electronic Magnifiers

This is a much broader class of aids for students. This category could be divided into.

Video magnifiers

CCTV’s

Head-borne magnifiers (Telescopes: optical and electronic)

Video magnifiers: These devices use a camera to capture an image, which is then displayed on the attached screen. They can be useful for children who have difficulty with hand-held optical-type magnifiers.

image of 3 diferent size video magnifiers — **Video magnifiers, 7 inches, 5 inches, and 3 inches**

The video magnifier has many advantages over optical types of magnifiers. The magnification levels can be adjusted. For example, 3X to 18X. There are also brightness, contrast, and variable color modes.

Handheld video magnifiers range in size from 3 inches to 10 inches (measurement of the screen on the diagonal.) The most practical for small hands and portability is 5 inches to 7 inches.

Learn more about video magnifiers: What are Portable Video Magnifiers?

There are larger portable video magnifiers designed for the classroom. The units have 12 inch fold out screens, touch screen controls, writing space below the camera, and OCR/TTS. These units can also be attached to a computer or TV monitor. A few have a distance viewing camera for bringing distance instructional boards closer.

image of a CCTV showing the large monitor and the xy table beneath it — CCTV has a large monitor and a movable table beneath it.

Closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs): CCTVs are similar to video magnifiers, but they use a larger monitor, making them useful for children to use for writing and performing project activities. The student can work under the camera and view their activity enlarged on the monitor screen.

CCTVs have the same options as the hand-held video magnifier, like different magnification levels, color modes, brightness, and contrast control. Some have additional options like text reading (TTS), computer connectivity, and line and masking. Most are desktop units and are not portable.

Learn more about CCTVs: What is CCTV for the Visually Impaired?

Telescopes: Optical or Electronic

These devices can be used for distance viewing, such as seeing the blackboard in a classroom or watching sports. Telescopes can be the standard optical-type, utilizing a series of lenses mounted into an eyeglass frame. The telescope system can be monocular (over one eye) or binocular. These telescopic devices can be designed and mounted for the small faces of younger children.

The electronic head-borne devices which magnify, are better suited for older students. These devices are larger and heavier, and may not be a viable option for the youngest visually impaired.

pair of low vision head worn style binoculars — Low vison binoculars

Image of the OxSight Onyx — Low vison binoculars

Learn more about Telescopes: Low Vision Telescopes for Distance, Intermediate, and Near as Low Vison Aids

Learn more about head borne assistive devices: Comparison of 14 Electronic Glasses for Use as Assistive Technology for Low Vision

Computer technology and OCR/TTS technology

Younger students need to learn to use adaptive skills and tools, but students at higher levels will need to become more versed and adept at using digital technology.

Demands for learning increase with grade levels and computer literacy will make transitions easier and more efficient.

There are many specialized computer software programs to help with magnification, optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech (TTS), speech-to-text (STT), and even music software (Lime Lighter music reader.)

Start by adapting the computer for ease of use with a large print keyboard and a large monitor screen.

Computer operating system platforms have within their settings and customization features, options to increase the font size, cursor size, mouse pointer, brightness, color filters, and contrast. The systems will also have options for the user to launch a text-to-speech reader and a magnifier.

There are many tutorials online to help the student learn to use these accessibility features. Type into the browser: Learn to use_________ accessibility. Fill in the blank: Apple iOS or Mac, Android, Chromebook, Microsoft.

Computer Accessibility Programs: Text-to-Speech and Magnification

Text-to-speech software allows the computer to “read” digital text to the student in a digitized voice. Some programs will highlight words as they are read, allowing students to follow along.

Third-party TTS software may offer more natural-sounding voices, more customizable settings, and additional features such as the ability to read web pages or PDFs. Features are often more seamlessly integrated with the OS and other applications and may offer simpler, more accessible controls.

Examples of third-party TTS software: JAWS, Fusion, OpenBook

What is OCR, TTS, and STT? Learn more: Electronic Technology: OCR, TTS, and STT

Magnification Software Operating system magnification can take the form of larger font sizes, or a magnifying ‘glass’ that the user controls with the mouse or keyboard. Operating system magnification features may be more stable, reliable, and accessible, and may receive regular updates and support from the operating system vendor.

Third-party magnifying software may offer more advanced features or customization options, or maybe more user-friendly or integrated with specific applications.

Examples of third-party magnification software: ZoomText, SuperNova, iZoom, and MAGIC.

The choice between third-party TTS or magnifying software and the operating system’s built-in TTS or magnifying feature will depend on the individual user’s specific needs and preferences.

Text scanners are used by visually impaired individuals to convert printed text into a digital form that can be read using a text-to-speech program or can be magnified on a screen. The process typically involves placing a printed document or book under a scanner or camera, which captures an image of the text. The scanner then uses optical character recognition (OCR) software to convert the image into editable text.

The resulting digital text can then be read aloud using a text-to-speech program, which can help visually impaired individuals access printed materials such as books, magazines, and documents. Alternatively, the text can be magnified on a screen or displayed in a high-contrast format, making it easier for visually impaired individuals to read.

Text scanners are typically designed to be user-friendly and easy to operate, with features such as automatic document feeders, adjustable text sizes and colors, and integrated text-to-speech software. Some text scanners are also portable, allowing users to scan and read documents on the go.

Hand-held digital recorders are small, pocket-size units used by visually impaired students to record lectures and to take notes, which can then be played back at a later time using headphones or speakers.

Hand-held digital recorders are easy to use. They have large, tactile buttons and simple interfaces that can be navigated by touch. Many models also have voice prompts and audio feedback to guide users through the recording process. In addition to audio recording, some hand-held digital recorders convert written text to speech, allowing users to listen to written text or the ability to connect to a computer or mobile device for easy file sharing and management

How the Visually Impaired can Use Electronic tablets, e-Readers, and Audio Books

image of a child viewing the classroom white board using the screen as a distance magnitier

Electronic tablets and e-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle, Apple iPad, or Google tablet with the appropriate apps, can help children with visual impairments to read more comfortably and with more accessibility features. Electronic tablets allow the user to adjust the visual display including font size, color, contrast, and zoom in and out for magnification. These operating system platforms also have TTS screen readers, such as Voiceover, Narrator, ChromeVox, or Select-to-Speak.

There are also many, many apps to assist the visually impaired that can be downloaded from the Apple Store, Google Play, or Microsoft Store.

Listening to audiobooks can help the visually disabled child, who struggles with reading, develop their listening skills, such as concentration, focus, and comprehension. It can also help them become better at following instructions and understanding spoken language. This can help to expand their vocabulary and improve their language skills.

Listening to audiobooks can stimulate a child’s imagination and creativity by allowing them to visualize the story and characters in their minds. Finally, audiobooks can be a great way to introduce children to books and stories that they may not have picked up on their own. By making reading fun and enjoyable, audiobooks can encourage children to read more.

Sources of audiobooks for children:

American Printing House Find accessible textbooks in their database or have one created in braille, large print, or digital. Read more about APH Tests and Textbooks.

Bookshare is an ebook library funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP). Memberships are free for those who qualify. Ebooks can be read in large font or audio format. The books can be downloaded to the Bookshare reader, other tablets, computers, or smartphones.

Learning Ally is an audiobook library for grades K – 12. They specialize in audiobooks to help print-disabled students develop literacy skills.

National Library Service for the Blind and Print-Disabled (Library of Congress) The NLS provides free books and magazines to those individuals who are determined to be qualified disabled by a competent authority. Your eye doctor is one. Through its national network of cooperating libraries, NLS mails books and magazines in audio and in braille to be used with the NLS digital audio players. Music instructional materials are also available in large print, braille, and recorded formats.

Requests are made thru your local network library or downloaded from the Braille and Audio Reading Download (BARD) or via the BARD Mobile app.

Should the child with low vision learn Braille?

Not every child with vision loss will need to learn to use Braille. The goal of learning to use visual aids is to give access to regular reading material. But this is not possible for all children.

Factors that may influence whether or not a child will need to learn Braille:

The child has a progressive or unstable eye condition. The prognosis will more than likely be blindness.

Vision loss is so extensive, that even with visual aids, reading and learning visually is very inefficient.

Shows an affinity for using the sense of touch to explore and familiarize themselves with objects rather than using residual vision.

The presence of other disabilities makes using visual aids difficult.

Are public schools in the US required to provide low vision devices and services to children with vision impairments?

Yes, public schools in the US are required to provide access to low vision devices and services to children with vision impairments as part of their special education programs. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that guarantees all children with disabilities the right to free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment. This means that public schools are required to provide children with vision impairments with the necessary accommodations and services to ensure that they have the same access to education as their non-disabled peers.

The specific accommodations and services that schools are required to provide will vary depending on the child’s individual needs. For example, a child with a visual impairment might need enlarged print materials, special software to read electronic texts, or a low vision device such as a magnifying glass or CCTV. The school is responsible for providing the necessary accommodations and services, and the parents and school staff should work together to determine what is needed.

It is important to note that schools also must provide services to visually impaired children under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in any program or activity that receives federal funding. This means that even if a child is not eligible for special education services under IDEA, they may still be protected under Section 504.

Are colleges in the US required to provide low vision devices and services to a student with vision impairment?

Colleges in the US are also required to provide access to low vision devices and services to students with vision impairments as per the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. These laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability and require colleges and universities to provide reasonable accommodations to ensure that students with disabilities have an equal opportunity to participate in and benefit from their education..

It is important to note that it is the student’s responsibility to disclose their disability to the college and request accommodations. The college is then responsible for working with the student to ensure that the necessary accommodations are provided.

Learn about how adaptive sports can help children: Sports for the Visually Impaired: Adaptive Sports

How to set up accessible video gaming: How to Set Up Assessible Video Gaming for the Visually Impaired Gamer

In the End…

It’s important to consult with a low vision specialist or a pediatric optometrist to determine what device will best fit the child’s needs and to ensure that the device is appropriate for the child’s age and developmental level. Additionally, it is important to work with the school’s special education team to provide accommodations, support, and instruction for the child in the classroom.

Does Vision Impairment Affect Memory?

Low vision can make it harder for a visually impaired person to encode (learn) and recall visual memories because the visual information is not available. This can lead to difficulty remembering things they have ‘seen,’ such as faces, objects, or locations.

Additionally, if a person with vision impairment is unable to engage in visually stimulating activities, it may also lead to a decline in cognitive function. However, it is important to note that vision impairment alone does not necessarily cause memory loss or cognitive decline.

How are vision and memory connected?

Vision and memory are connected through various processes such as visual information processing, spatial memory and navigation, attention, perceptual learning, emotional processing and brain damage.

Visual information processing: The occipital lobe of the brain processes visual information and sends it to other areas of the brain, such as the temporal and parietal lobes, where it is encoded (learned)and stored as memories.

Spatial memory and navigation: Visual cues and landmarks play an important role in spatial memory and navigation. Good vision is necessary for clues to learning (encoding) and recalling visual memories, such as faces, objects, or locations.

Attention: Vision and memory connected through the process of attention. People with good vision are better able to focus their attention on relevant visual information, which is important for learning and recalling memories.

Perceptual learning: Vision and memory are also connected through the process of perceptual learning, which is the ability to improve the perception of visual stimuli through repetition and practice. This type of learning is thought to rely on changes in the brain’s visual areas and the formation of visual memories.

Emotion and memory: Visual information is also strongly connected to emotions, and emotional experiences can enhance the encoding and recall of visual memories.

Damage to visual areas of the brain: Damage to specific areas of the brain such as the occipital lobe can lead to visual impairments and difficulties with visual memory.

Does the brain function differently after vision loss?

The brain has the ability to adapt, and it can compensate for vision loss by recruiting other areas to process visual information. The brain can also change the way it processes the visual information.

For example, in people with vision loss, the brain may increase activity in the auditory and somatosensory regions to help process information about the environment. This process is called neuroplasticity, and it allows the brain to use other senses, such as hearing and touch, to compensate for vision loss. (Ref: Neuroplasticity in visual impairments )

Definition: neuroplasticity, the ability of the brain to reorganize and make functional changes to compensate for a sensory deficit.

Additionally, with vision loss, the brain may also change the way it processes visual information. For example, people with vision loss may have difficulty recognizing and remembering faces, objects, or locations. They may also have difficulty with attention and concentration, which can affect their ability to learn and perform tasks.

It is also possible for people with vision loss to experience changes in their brain connectivity as a result of the loss . studies have shown that their vision loss, the brain may rewire itself to adapt to the changes in visual input, and this can lead to changes in the way the brain processes visual information. It is though that the occipital lobe, which processes vision, will be recruited to process touch for Braille reading or sound localization for learning to help compensate for the loss visual information. (RefL ; Neural Reorganization Following Sensory Loss: The Opportunity Of Change )

It is important to note that the extent and specifics of how the brain adapts to vision loss can vary depending on the individual and the specific cause of the vision loss

How does vision loss affect you intellectually?

Vision impairment can affect the ability to think and reason (cognition) in several ways, including:

Visual information processing: Difficulty processing visual information can make it harder for a person with vision impairment to encode and recall visual memories, which can lead to difficulty remembering things they have seen, such as faces, objects, or locations.

Spatial memory and navigation: Vision impairment can also affect spatial memory and navigation, as visual cues and landmarks play an important role in these processes.

Attention: Vision impairment can also affect attention, as people with good vision are better able to focus their attention on relevant visual information.

Social interaction: Vision impairment can also affect social interactions as it can make it harder for a person to recognize and remember faces and interpret social cues.

Learn more about the difficulty of social interaction: Why Those with Low Vision Have a Problem with Facial Recognition

Reduced participation in visually stimulating activities: People with vision impairment may avoid or have limited ability to participate in visually stimulating activities that can maintain cognitive functions.

Increased risk of depression and anxiety: People with vision impairment are at an increased risk of developing depression and anxiety, which can affect cognitive function.

Learn more about low vision and depression…Low Vision, Depression, and Anxiety

Again, it is important to note that vision impairment alone does not necessarily cause cognitive decline, but it can make it harder for a person to engage in activities that maintain cognitive function.

Is there an association between vision impairment and cognitive decline?

There is an association between vision impairment and cognitive decline in some cases, but not all. Vision impairment can make it harder for a person to engage in activities that stimulates interaction. such as visually stimulating activities and social interactions.

The difficulty in processing visual information and the inability to use visual cues and landmarks for spatial memory and navigation can also lead to confusion and cognitive decline. (Ref: Memory and Confusion Complaints in Visually Impaired … )

It’s important to note, again, that vision impairment alone does not necessarily cause cognitive decline. Additionally, some studies have shown that people with vision impairment are at an increased risk of developing cognitive decline and dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease. This could be due to the fact that vision impairment and cognitive decline share common risk factors, such as age, genetics and underlying medical conditions. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between vision impairment and cognitive decline.

How does the age of vision loss affect memory?

The age at which vision loss occurs can affect memory in different ways.

If vision loss occurs in early childhood, it can have a significant impact on the development of visual memory and other cognitive abilities. Children with vision impairment may have difficulty learning and recalling visual memories, which can affect their ability to learn and navigate their environment. They may also have difficulty recognizing and remembering faces and interpreting social cues, which can affect their social interactions. (Ref: Visual Impairment: Its Effect on Cognitive Development and Behaviour )

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to change and reorganize itself in response to experience. In the context of children with vision impairments, neuroplasticity can help by allowing the brain to compensate for the loss of sight by strengthening connections in other parts of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

This process of rewiring the brain can help improve visual function and perception. Additionally, certain therapies and activities, such as sensory stimulation and physical therapy, can promote neuroplasticity and improve outcomes for children with vision impairments.

If vision loss occurs in adulthood, it can also affect visual memory and other cognitive abilities. Adults with vision loss may have difficulty encoding (learning and reasoning) and recalling visual memories, which can affect their ability to navigate their environment and recognize familiar faces and objects. They may also have difficulty with attention and concentration, which can affect their ability to learn and perform tasks.

Additionally, vision loss that occurs in older age, can be associated with a higher risk of cognitive decline and dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease. This could be due to the fact that vision loss and cognitive decline share common risk factors, such as age, genetics and underlying medical conditions.

Another article you may be interested in…How do Visually Impaired People Work?

In the End…

The best way to circumvent memory loss and cognitive decline is to keep the brain active. Sensory stimulation such as sound (ex: music, audio books) and movement (ex: dancing, walking) and social interaction. Keep the brain cells engaged.

For those with residual vision, there is vision rehabilitation to help the visually impaired to learn to use visual aids and compensatory techniques.

It is important to note that the impact of vision loss on memory can vary depending on the individual and the specific cause of the vision loss. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you have concerns about memory or other cognitive changes related to vision loss, as there are various possible causes and treatments that should be considered.

What is the Best Lighting for Low Vision ?

Optimal lighting for individuals with vision loss can vary significantly. While many with low vision find increased illumination beneficial, some visually impaired individuals are light-sensitive and may function better in lower light conditions.

Sunlight is a natural light source that has the full spectrum of wavelengths. Most with low vision find that natural lighting is the best for their visual functioning, while some with low vision are light-sensitive and find sunlight too harsh.

How to Optimize Lighting for the Visually Impaired

The goal of managing lighting for low vision is to optimize visual function. The correct amount of light is a balance between:

ambient room lighting,
direction and brightness of additional light sources,
the task to be performed, and
the degree (or type) of vision loss, along with personal preferences.

Ways to Optimize the Lighting in the Home

Start with:

change to higher luminance light bulbs for room lighting,
bring task lighting sources close to the work area,
reduce glare, and
increase contrast.

How to Optimize Ambient Room Lighting

Enhancing the brightness of light bulbs in overhead ceiling fixtures is crucial, particularly in areas like hallways, closets, and kitchens.

Moreover, for overhead lighting, consider installing dimmer switches to provide better control over room illumination. This adjustment is especially beneficial for individuals sensitive to bright light.

Finding light switches in the evening or at night can pose challenges for those with impaired vision. To address this, think about integrating light sources with voice-activated personal assistants such as Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa, or Google Assistant. This solution requires WiFi connectivity along with smart plugs or bulbs. Smart bulbs offer the advantage of adjusting brightness and color temperature, though setting up a smart bulb system can be pricier and more complex.

For rooms that receive ample sunlight, adjustable window shades are recommended to regulate room lighting.

Image of a bright living room and kitchen area — The well lit living areas. Note overhead diffuse lighting, over work area lighting, and adjustable window blinds.

How to Optimize Light in Work Areas

When engaging in tasks such as reading, hobbies, or detailed work, it’s beneficial to use directional lighting. Over-the-shoulder lights should be positioned on the opposite side of the individual’s dominant hand. Typically, this is the hand holding the pen or magnifier, ensuring that the body does not cast a shadow on the reading material.

Directional lamps should be equipped with shades and positioned to direct light towards the reading material or work surface. The shade helps prevent glare and keeps the light from shining directly into the eyes.

Remember, the closer the light source, the better the illumination. Enhance brightness by bringing the light source closer to the task at hand.

image of computer work station with adjustable task lighting and large screen monitor. — Note the location of the adjustable task lighting directed on to the work surface, opposite to the preferred hand of the user.

Reduce Glare to Optimize Visual Function

Glare significantly reduces the ability to ‘see’ clearly, leading to discomfort and eye fatigue. There are two main types of glare: discomfort glare and disabling glare.

Discomfort glare occurs when light reflects and scatters off surfaces, interfering with the light illuminating the task or object at hand, making it harder to see.

Disabling glare, on the other hand, is caused by excessively bright lighting. When illumination is too high, it can result in discomfort and eye fatigue. People without eye conditions often experience this when sunlight reflects off surfaces like sand or snow on bright days. Similarly, individuals with low vision may find themselves affected by bright lighting in a room.

To mitigate glare, consider adjustable window shades that can reduce incoming sunlight while still allowing for natural light enjoyment.

For close directional lighting on paper or work surfaces, adjust the lamp if it is a ‘gooseneck’ type, enabling the direction of light to be changed to minimize glare off the work surface.

Avoid using white, shiny, glass, or metallic counters, tables, and desks. Opt instead for darker or matte-finished surfaces, or coverings that absorb light rather than reflect it. In rooms where overhead lighting causes visual fatigue and discomfort, wearing a hat or visor can also help.

How to Increase Contrast to Optimize Visual Function

Contrast sensitivity refers to the ability to distinguish an object from its background. For instance, placing silver coins on a shiny metallic counter creates low contrast (grey on grey). While the average sighted person may have no trouble seeing the coins, someone with low contrast sensitivity might not notice them. On the other hand, placing silver coins on a matte white counter increases the contrast significantly. This makes it easier for someone with low contrast sensitivity to detect the coins against the white surface.

Various environmental changes can improve contrast sensitivity, such as altering the color of tables and countertops, avoiding busy patterns, incorporating colorful markings, and adjusting lighting.

Enhance object contrast by using lights under counters, illuminated mirrors, directional lighting for appliance controls, and over-the-shoulder lighting in reading areas. It’s important for overhead lighting to be sufficiently bright to fill the room, eliminating dim or shadowy areas with low contrast.

What Makes Someone More Light-sensitive?

The ideal lighting for individuals with low vision can vary depending on the type of eye disease they have. Conditions such as ocular albinism, achromatopsia, or retinitis pigmentosa often result in heightened light sensitivity compared to conditions like cataracts, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy.

Damage to the retina can lead to difficulties in adjusting to varying light levels. For instance, being confronted with bright headlights from an oncoming car at night or transitioning from a well-lit room to a dark hallway can be challenging for those with light sensitivity, causing them to feel ‘dazzled’ by the abrupt change in light levels. The inability to adapt to these significant light level shifts poses a problem for individuals with visual disabilities.

Interestingly, there is currently no in-office technology available to objectively measure an individual’s level of light sensitivity. It largely remains a subjective assessment. Therefore, if you experience light sensitivity issues, it’s important to communicate this to your eye care practitioner. Those who provide care for the visually impaired should proactively inquire about any concerns regarding lighting.

The suggestions for patients who are light-sensitive are not to decrease light completely, but to ensure that light is adjustable for how they are feeling or what they need to ‘see.’ The suggestions made above for ambient room light levels and controlling glare, apply especially to those who are light-sensitive.

Adjustable window shades,
dimmable overhead lighting, and
adjustable task lighting.

Those who are light-sensitive may also benefit from tinted lenses. Tinted lenses will not increase visual acuity or visual function, but can make the light sensitive more comfortable and better able to adjust to different light levels.

A company known for offering tinted lenses for low vision is NOIR .

What are the Best Types of Lights

There are several types of lights commonly found in homes and offices: incandescent, fluorescent, CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp), halogen, and LED (Light-Emitting Diode). In the United States, most incandescent and halogen bulbs are being phased out by August 2023 due to their high energy consumption.

For the purposes of this discussion, I will focus on the two most commonly used types: fluorescent and LED.

LED bulbs are increasingly replacing incandescent bulbs in homes. They offer significant energy savings and have a longer lifespan.

What to look for when purchasing lights for the Home

The two most useful numbers on the box are lumens and light appearance. Lumens indicate brightness. The higher the lumen number, the higher the brightness. Lumen values are between 250 L and 5800 L. After living with incandescent for many years, we are more familiar with ‘watts.’ So here is a comparison.

Incandescent Watts	25 W	40 W	60 W	75 W	100 W	150 W	300 W
LED Lumens	200 L +	400 L +	700 L +	1100 L +	1600 L	2000 L +	5000 L

The other factor to consider is Color Temperature or light appearance. Manufacturers have been able to adjust the ‘color temperature.’ This is indicated as ‘K’ (Kelvin.) More likely it will appear on the box as:

image of a box of3 LED light bulbs — Note that the equivalent wattage is listed at the top. The lumens is listed below as 1100 L.

Warm (Soft) White (1900 t0 3200 K),

Neutral White (3500K),

Cool White (4000K), or

Daylight (5000K).

By comparison, incandescent light is in the Warm whites, 2300 to 2850 K. In the home, we are more comfortable with the warm cast of the incandescent bulb and should choose warm white LEDs. The Cool White is the blue cast which is usually undesirable.

For example: if you like the warmth of the incandescent, but need bright light, you would look for an LED with something like “Warm (or Soft) White, 2700K, Bright 2600L, 150 Watt equivalent.”

Another factor to consider, for those who need true and natural colors like artists, is the CRI (Color Rendering Index.) The index is 0 to 100. 0 indicates no color distinction, all colors will look neutral. A CRI of 100 indicates natural color rendering. Incandescent bulbs have a CRI of 100. For the most part, LEDs are 80 – 85, with a few rare exceptions.

The last consideration is: Will the bulb be used in a fixture with a dimmer for adjusting light levels? Not all bulbs are ‘dimmable.’ So check for this option.

Fluorescent Lights: One of the most common complaints about fluorescent lighting is its color rendering and tendency to flicker.

Fluorescent lights have long been favored for commercial buildings due to their broad, bright illumination and cost-effectiveness. However, the light they emit can sometimes feel harsh and distort colors, particularly with Cool White variants which have a low Color Rendering Index (CRI) of 50-60.

In addition to the standard commercial fluorescent lighting, there are various types available with improved color rendering. These differences are based on the phosphors used in the bulbs.

Both CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) and tube-type fluorescent bulbs are available in different color temperatures. For home use, consider opting for Soft (or warm) White for a more comfortable ambiance. If you prioritize high CRI (80-90) for accurate colors, Daylight fluorescent bulbs are a better choice as their spectrum closely resembles natural light.

Older or budget fluorescent fixtures may exhibit a strobe-like effect that can lead to eye fatigue. This flickering can be alleviated by installing high-frequency electronic ballasts, which prevent flickering compared to older magnetic types.

When selecting fluorescent bulbs, check if they are dimmable. Dimmable fluorescent lights require a compatible dimmable ballast to work with a dimmer switch for adjusting light levels.

Learn about other workplace modifications for the visually Impaired: How Do Visually Impaired People Work?

In the End…

Often, individuals with low vision, as well as those who care for them, may underestimate the impact that proper lighting can have on their visual abilities.

Boosting light levels can significantly improve visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and color perception, but there is a limit to its effectiveness. The optimal amount of light varies from person to person. However, in most cases, making lighting modifications can greatly enhance visual function.

Do Omega-3 Supplements Help Your Eyes?

DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), an omega-3 fatty acid, is abundantly present in the retina. Studies have demonstrated its vital role in preserving ocular health by supporting the integrity of retinal blood vessels and nerves. Additionally, Omega-3 acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent.

Omega-3 is one of many fatty acids which are essential building blocks of cell membranes of the brain and nervous system. There are three main omega-3 fatty acids:

Alpha-linoleic acid (ALA)
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

The omega-3 fatty acids have been studied extensively regarding their role in cardiovascular health and neurological development. From these studies, researchers have noted improvement in the blood vessel and neurological health.

How does omega-3 affect the eyes?

The 3 main topics that researchers have evaluated on the effect of omega-3 on the eyes are:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD),

2. Diabetic retinopathy, and

3. Dry eye disease (DED.)

Does omega-3 help with AMD?

fundus photo of drusen in the macula — Mild AMD, drusen in the macular area

What we know about the effect of omega-3 on blood vessels and its anti-inflammatory properties suggests a potential protective role.

The most widely cited research on AMD and nutritional supplementation is the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS 2).

Omega-3 fatty acids were part of the study, but they are not included in the commercially available AREDS2 eye vitamin formula. Why? The researchers concluded that omega-3 had no effect on preventing the progression of AMD to advanced AMD. However, the study did not evaluate omega-3’s potential role in protecting against or preventing AMD.

A smaller study, the Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 (NAT2), yielded similar results: no significant effect on reducing the rate of progression to advanced AMD or reducing significant visual loss. Nonetheless, it did suggest a potentially protective role.

The NAT2 found that those with higher blood levels of EPA + DHA had a substantial and significantly lower risk of neovascular AMD. Neovascular AMD can lead to the ‘wet’ form of macular degeneration. (Ref; article comparing AREDS2 and NAT2 study)

Researchers agree that more studies need to be done to better understand the protective role of omega-3 fatty acids.

Learn about macular degeneration: The 7 Truths About AMD

Are the omega-3 fatty acids good for diabetic retinopathy?

diabetic retinopathy image of eye — **Diabetic retinopathy**

Studies have shown that those with Type 2 diabetes, who consume two servings of oily fish per week or take omega-3 supplements, have a ‘significantly decreased risk of developing sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy.’ (Ref: JAMA Network )

The cause of diabetic eye disease is chronic inflammation of the leaky blood vessels in the retina. This inflammation sets off a series of changes in the blood vessels, leading to fibrosis, free radical formation, and the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This process is known as diabetic retinopathy, resulting in neovascularization with bleeding, retinal cell death, and vision loss.

Research into the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for preventing cardiovascular disease is well-documented. This ‘good’ fat is recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to protect the diabetic retina by reducing new blood vessel formation and providing antioxidant activity. Omega-3 fatty acids hold promise in decreasing the complications associated with diabetic retinopathy.

Can omega-3 help with dry eyes?

Studies have demonstrated that increasing omega-3 fatty acid intake can lead to improvements in dry eye symptoms. Omega-3s help alleviate Dry Eye Disease (DED) symptoms and signs by modulating ocular surface inflammation and enhancing tear-lipid profiles.

The effectiveness of omega-3s for dry eyes is a topic of ongoing debate. Many doctors have long advised their patients with dry eye to supplement omega-3 fatty acids to reduce inflammation and support the health of the eyelid glands responsible for moisture production. This approach is believed to be most beneficial when combined with other treatments such as lubricating eye drops, warm compresses, and anti-inflammatory eye drops.

What are food sources for Omega-3 Fatty Acids?

DHA and EPA omega-3 fatty acids are commonly found in fish oils such as salmon, herring, sardines, trout, and mackerel. ALA omega-3 is present in nuts, flaxseed, and vegetable oils.

Omega-3 is classified as an unsaturated fat. Unsaturated fats from vegetables and fish remain liquid at room temperature. In contrast, saturated fats, which are typically solid at room temperature, are commonly found in animal fat and dairy products like cheese and butter.

For individuals with fish allergies or those following a vegan diet, flaxseed and flax oil provide a source of the ALA form of omega-3. Additionally, there are commercially available DHA sources derived from yeast and microalgae.

Which omega-3 is best for the eyes?

Among the many fatty acids, the most vital dietary omega-3 fatty acids for eye health include alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

ALA is considered an “essential” nutrient, meaning it must be consumed through diet since our bodies cannot produce it. Both EPA and DHA can be derived from ALA.

Numerous studies have examined the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular, brain, eye, and joint health. However, the findings of these studies can sometimes be conflicting. The question of whether DHA and EPA supplements or omega-3 fatty acids from dietary fish and fish oils are more beneficial remains debated.

Nutritionists often recommend consuming oily fish as the best dietary source of omega-3. For those choosing to supplement, it’s advisable to select products from manufacturers who conduct third-party testing for purity and consistency.

How much omega-3 is recommended daily?

The USDA has not established a Recommended Daily Allowance for omega-3 fatty acids. However, it is generally suggested to aim for a dietary intake of 2 to 3 servings of omega-3-rich fish per week. Each serving is typically around 8 ounces, providing approximately 1000 mg of omega-3 (though this varies based on the type and quality of the fish).

Studies on AMD and omega-3 have yielded inconclusive results regarding daily dosages. However, researchers studying cardiovascular disease and dry eye therapy recommend a daily intake of 1000 mg (1 gram) fish oil capsules for beneficial effects. The upper limit of dosage is considered to be 3000 mg/day, as higher doses may lead to toxicity.

While cod liver oil is a source of omega-3 fatty acids, it is also high in Vitamin A and D at levels that could be toxic for some individuals.

To mitigate the fishy aftertaste, it’s recommended to take fish oil capsules with food. Some individuals may experience stomach discomfort, such as belching and heartburn, when taking fish oil. Enteric-coated capsules are available and may help reduce these unpleasant side effects.

Who should not take omega-3?

Individuals with fish allergies can opt for plant-based omega-3 supplements, such as those from flaxseed, walnuts, and soybeans.

If you are taking blood thinners like warfarin, Plavix, apixaban (Eliquis), or aspirin therapy, it’s important to note that DHA/EPA have a blood-thinning effect. Hemophiliacs should also exercise caution.

Before considering high-dose omega-3 supplementation, it is advised to consult with a physician, especially if you have hypotension (low blood pressure), are on blood thinners, or are scheduled for surgery or chemotherapy. This consultation helps ensure that the potent effects of omega-3 are not contraindicated for your specific health condition.

How long does it take for omega-3 to work for the eyes?

It may take 2 to 3 months for a noticeable effect.

Fish, flaxseed, and omega-3 supplement capsules are ‘natural’ treatments. Natural nutritional supplements take longer for benefits than a pharmaceutical therapies.

How do I check my omega-3 levels?

There is an at-home test kit produced by OmegaQuant. (Use coupon code I3URD3NZSK for 5% off at check out.)

You can purchase a test kit to get your DHA and EPA blood levels. They have additional test kits for testing other omega fatty acids and trans fats.

The test requires a drop of blood as the test sample, which is mailed off to the OmegaOuant lab. The lab generates a report on your omega profile.

This is a good option to determine if your diet is sufficient in omega-3s, or if you have a deficiency.

This company also has test kits for Vitamin D, B12, Prenatal DHA, HbA1C, and even your pet’s omega-3 index.

In the end..

Omega-3 fatty acids are considered ‘good’ fats, crucial for their anti-inflammatory properties and their role in the structure and function of cell membranes. DHA is the primary omega-3 found in high concentrations in retinal cell membranes, indicating its significant role in vision and nerve function.

Further research is required to comprehensively understand the impact of omega-3 fatty acids in preventing and protecting against the development of eye diseases

Learn more about ocular health: What is the Best Supplement to Preserve Eye and Brain Health?

Enhancing Workplace Inclusivity for Visually Impaired Employees

Individuals with visual impairments possess a diverse array of skills suited to numerous professions. By integrating assistive features into workplace technologies, organizations empower employees with low vision to excel in roles akin to their sighted colleagues.

The evolution of technology, bolstered by laws safeguarding against discrimination, coupled with increased public awareness about disabilities, has significantly improved the quality of life for individuals living with vision impairments and other disabilities.

Despite the vast potential and skills of individuals with low vision and blindness, a significant portion remains unemployed. Statistics from the US Department of Labor in 2021 reveal a concerning trend: individuals with disabilities, encompassing all types including vision impairments, face lower employment rates across various age and educational brackets. Moreover, they are more inclined to work part-time or seasonal positions compared to their non-disabled counterparts.

Interestingly, the data also highlights a unique aspect: employed individuals with disabilities are more likely to pursue self-employment opportunities compared to those without disabilities. (Ref: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics )

Ensuring Rights and Compliance: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

In the United States, the civil rights of individuals with disabilities are safeguarded by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. This pivotal legislation establishes laws that prohibit discrimination against individuals with disabilities and ensures equal opportunities in various aspects of life, including work, education, transportation, public accommodations, and services provided by state and local governments.

For those with vision disabilities seeking employment and employers aiming for ADA compliance, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) provides essential guidance. This resource outlines the rights of visually impaired employees and the corresponding responsibilities of employers.

Overcoming Challenges: The Employment Struggle for the Visually Impaired

Visually impaired individuals possess the same intellectual capabilities to learn and develop skills as their sighted peers. What sets them apart is their innate ability as natural problem solvers. Every day presents them with unique challenges that require analysis and solutions. The adage “Where there is a will, there is a way” truly encapsulates their resilience and determination.

Everything is just a little bit more difficult and requires a little bit more effort. This is the theme for the life of those who live with vision loss. Those who want to have a job are willing to work a little bit harder.

Breaking Down Barriers: Challenges for Visually Impaired Employment

Despite their abilities, visually impaired individuals face significant barriers to entering the workforce. Understanding these challenges is crucial for fostering inclusivity and providing equal opportunities for all.

Employers’ Lack of Understanding

Many employers, influenced by societal misconceptions, underestimate the capabilities of individuals with vision loss. This misunderstanding often stems from their reliance on strong vision and an inability to envision alternative methods of completing tasks.

Additionally, employers may not be aware of advancements in vision technology that enable those with sub-normal vision to effectively ‘see.’ This lack of knowledge can create apprehension and uncertainty about hiring visually impaired individuals.

Employers’ Concerns about Safety

Safety concerns are a valid consideration for employers. While professions such as airline pilots or brain surgeons might not be suitable, the average job does not pose a greater risk for visually impaired workers. Living with low vision requires developing strong focus and awareness, ensuring safety in most work environments.

Transportation as a Barrier to Employment

Transportation presents a significant challenge for visually impaired individuals, especially if they do not have driving privileges. Relying on others for transportation can be cumbersome and limit job accessibility.

Public transportation, while an option, can be inconvenient and costly. Employers should be aware of these challenges and consider flexibility regarding work hours to accommodate transportation limitations.

Lack of Training and Skills Access

A critical paradox for visually impaired individuals is the lack of access to training and skill development. Job applications and training materials often lack accessibility features, making it challenging for low vision applicants to navigate the hiring process.

Employers can mitigate this by providing accessible digital formats for applications and training materials. Formats compatible with screen readers and digital magnification tools are essential for inclusivity.

Balancing Work and Disability Benefits

In the United States, federal and state benefits are available for individuals with disabilities. It’s essential for those with benefits to understand that they can work and maintain benefits up to a certain monthly income threshold, with higher allowances for the blind.

For more detailed information on balancing disability benefits with employment, it’s recommended to refer to relevant resources provided by federal and state agencies. Clink here for more information: Working While Disabled

Understanding and addressing these barriers are crucial steps towards creating a more inclusive workforce for visually impaired individuals.

Preparing for the Workforce: Tips for Visually Impaired Individuals

Embarking on a career path as a visually impaired individual requires thoughtful preparation and consideration. Here are some steps to guide you:

1. Identify Your Interests and Skills

Despite any disability, it’s crucial to pursue a career that interests and motivates you. Take the time to explore different industries and roles to find what aligns with your passions.

2. Seek Skills and Training Opportunities

Research local or state career training programs offered through community colleges or agencies like state vocational rehabilitation or private blindness organizations. Many online skills and training programs are available, particularly for computer-based employment, which can be accessible and accommodating for the visually impaired.

3. Explore Accessibility Tools and Adaptations

To excel in your chosen career, consider how to integrate accessibility tools into your work. Employers may not always be familiar with these options, so it’s beneficial to advocate for yourself. Learn about optical, digital, and non-optical aids that can enhance your job performance. Knowledge empowers you to effectively communicate your needs to potential employers.

4. Plan Transportation Options

Transportation is a key factor in employment decisions. Evaluate your transportation options and consider the location of potential jobs. Following the global Covid-19 pandemic, remote work has become more widely accepted. This flexibility is particularly advantageous for visually impaired individuals seeking computer-based roles. Employers increasingly trust employees to work remotely, offering greater accessibility to job opportunities.

By following these steps and proactively addressing accessibility and transportation considerations, visually impaired individuals can better prepare for a successful entry into the workforce.

Adapting for Success: Tools and Technology for Visually Impaired Workers

When it comes to adaptations and assistive technology for the visually impaired in the workplace, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. The choice of tools depends on the individual’s level of vision loss and the specific job requirements they face. For example:

Multi-Tasking Needs: Individuals who multitask, shifting between papers, computer screens, and various locations, require a different set of adaptation tools compared to those whose work is primarily computer-based.
Variation in Vision Loss: A person with mild vision loss might only need occasional magnification for print, while someone who is “legally blind” may rely on higher levels of magnification or screen reading technology.
The Printed Word. The visually impaired will acknowledge that the greatest challenge is the printed word. To overcome this they use magnification, and screen readers.
The other challenges are poor environmental lighting, low contrast, and overly bright situations which cause glare.

What are the adaptations for the working visually impaired?

1. Environmental modifications,

2. non-optical assistive devices,

3. optical magnification, and

4. computer technology.

Workplace Adaptations using Environmental Modifications

Lighting

Increase contrast

Working distance

These modifications are to enhance the working environment. These can be easy, inexpensive changes.

Lighting. The change that can make the biggest difference is lighting. Appropriate lighting can increase visual function.

While those without eye disease are able to adjust and function in a wide range of light levels, the visually impaired have a narrow range of light levels that help them to function optimally. This varies by the individual. Some need more light to see better, while others are light sensitive and the brightness disrupts their vision.

Consider the level of illumination, location of the light, and distance. Fluorescent lights set 8 to 10 feet (2.4 to 3 m) above the work surface may not be optimal. They also change color appearances.

Lighting on surfaces can cause reflections and glare that are disruptive to vision, resulting in eyestrain, fatigue, and headaches. (This is true for the sighted as well.)

An environmental adaptation would be to use task lighting set over the shoulder or on top of the surface. Make sure the surface is not reflective by using a dark, contrasting mat.

For example: A cook in a restaurant kitchen would benefit from under-counter lighting or a task lamp clamped to the edge of the counter.

For example: Someone working in a warehouse where lighting is uneven and sometimes dim would be helped by a headlamp or chest-mounted flashlight to be used as needed.

Learn more about lighting modifications: What is the Best Lighting for Low Vision?

Increase contrast. Contrast is what makes an object stand out from the background. It is that difference in the reflected light from the objects versus the background.

Environmental adaption for the work area would be to have matte, non-reflective surfaces in a solid color. ‘Busy’ patterned surfaces make it difficult to ‘find’ objects that are small and of similar color.

For example: Someone working at a service counter or cashier could use a black or white mat to contrast the items or cash placed on the counter. A task light would also help with contrast and color identification.

Working Distances. Small changes in work areas should accommodate how the visually impaired uses their vision and optical aids. Eyeglasses prescribed for low vision and optical aids will often require a closer working distance.

The environmental adjustment is to have flexibility in chair placement and the location and height of work surfaces may need to be adjusted to accommodate the closer working distance. The same is true for the computer workstation.

When working with others they may need a little more working area for the placement and use of optical aids and digital technology.

For example: Someone working alongside others in a row of computer terminals will have additional electronic technology needed to view documents that require additional space and a larger monitor they can move closer to the edge of the table for a closer viewing distance.

Workplace Adaptations Using Non-optical Devices

Non-optical aids are those changes and devices that utilize:

1. Enlargement of print and symbols,

2. color and contrast, and/or

3. devices that use the other senses of touch and hearing.

Large print can make the visually impaired more efficient and can facilitate communication. A desktop phone with large numbered buttons and a visible display helps the worker to use a desktop phone. There are also stickers for keyboards with large print lettering and symbols. Large print stickers can be used for bins, drawers, and doors to help with organization. Large print modifications may need to be made for interoffice notes and billboard notices. The visually impaired may need access to a photocopier that can make enlarged print copies.

image of a keyboard with large print letters and symbols

Image of a standard large button calculator with llarge print numbers and symbols

Different colors and contrasts can be used for rapid identification by the visually impaired without having to read. This can also be used for the identification and organization of objects, bins, drawers, and doors.

Felt tip pens, gel pens, and ‘bold’ (1.6 mm) ballpoint pens in black are used for high contrast and more easily seen handwriting.

There are numerous talking devices such as talking clocks, calculators, color identifiers, and currency identifiers. (National Library Service iBill Program) These devices can help the visually impaired to respond and interact more quickly and efficiently.

image of a desktop phone with large print keyboard and screen, has talking caller id

Tactile cues are things like raised embossed printing and ‘bumps.’ Bump-ons (or bump dots)are self-adhesive 3-dimensional dots applied to help the visually impaired to locate and label buttons of frequently used settings on electronics, dials, keyboards, telephone buttons, keys, and light switches. These dots can be brightly colored or have a texture for tactile identification.

For example: A cook in a restaurant will be helped with large print labeling on food canisters, bump-ons for dial settings on the stove, different colored bins for organizing goods, and talking timers and a talking microwave.

For example: An employee that has problems with color identification can be helped with a color identifier device or a cell phone app that identifies color.

Workplace Adaptations Using Magnification

As mentioned before, the greatest difficulty for those with low vision is the printed word. Commonly, the solution has been low-tech hand-held optical magnifiers. This is no longer the only option. There is a wide range of high-tech digital magnifiers available to the visually impaired.

Employers might imagine the low vision employee hovering over a glass optical magnifier like Sherlock Holmes. There are modern options for optical magnification that are used by many with vision loss. These options tend to be less expensive. They are most practical for short-term reading tasks.

Optical magnifiers are things like:

Hand-held magnifiers, illuminated,
stand magnifiers, illumined,
low vision spectacles; high-powered ‘microscopes’, spectacle-clip loupes, and
telescopes, including binoculars, hand-held or head-mounted.

image of illunminated magnifier on a lighted task lamp stand — Hand-held magnifiers

image of 3 Eschenbach illuminated stand magnifiers — Hand-held magnifiers

There is a wide range of digital magnification options. They range from small pocket-size video magnifiers to large desk-top CCTVs. These units do not have some of the limitations of optical magnification like the small field of view, aberrations, and lack of flexibility. The digital options tend to be more expensive.

The types of digital magnification available for those with vision loss:

image of 3 different sizes of video magnifiers — **Hand-held video magnifiers**

Hand-held video magnifiers. These range in size from 3 inches to about 12 inches (7.8 to 25 cm) video screens.
CCTV (closed-circuit television). These units range in size from portable 12 inches (25 cm) to desktop 24 inch (61 cm) screens.
Electronic glasses (similar to smart glasses). These are head-borne assistive devices that can magnify for distance and near .

Digital assistive devices are incredibly flexible. They have many magnification levels and options like different color modes, contrast levels, brightness control, OCR/TTS, and computer compatibility.

image of two desktop CCTVs — **Desktop CCTVs with XY tables**

These, of course, are the more expensive option. But for a working person, these digital aids are more responsive, flexible, and easier to use. Because of these controls they can be used in locations where lighting is not ideal.

I have more detailed articles on these technologies and optical telescopes:

What is CCTV for the Visually Impaired?

What are Portable Hand-held Video Magnifiers?

Comparison of 14 Electronic Glasses Used as Assistive Technology for Low Vision

Low Vision Telescopes for Distance, Intermediate, and Near as Low Vision Aids

For example: Someone that works at a receiving dock in a warehouse can use a pocket-size video magnifier to check invoices and shipping labels when needed.

For example: A low vision worker in a mailroom can sort mail beneath a CCTV into colored bins for distribution.

Workplace Computer Technology Adaptations

Computer-assisted technology has opened up job opportunities for the visually impaired. Computer accessible features and programs can result in a low vision employee with the same capability and efficiency as sighted employees. It does require training and an understanding of the complexity of these systems and how best to use them.

Technologies for computer access for the visually impaired :

Screen magnification,
document scanner,
screen reading programs (OCR/TTS), and
speech recognition programs (speech-to-text (STT).

Which technologies are needed by the visually impaired worker depends on the level of vision loss. Someone with a mild central vision loss may do well with the built-in accessibility features of the computer operating system. Someone with a more severe vision loss may require a screen reader and speech-to-text technology.

The starting point for computer accessibility:

Large monitor allows for larger font types.
Large print keyboard (or apply stickers for large print)
Look for the operating system accessibility features to enlarge the font, cursor, and pointer. Customize by changing contrast, invert mode, grayscale, and display settings to optimize for your visual needs.
Learn to use the system’s magnifier and screen reader.
Use a monitor anti-glare screen to reduce eye strain and headaches. Consider getting ‘computer eyeglass’ lenses with blue-blocking technology for protection. There are also monitor blue-light protection screens. (These suggestions also apply to the sighted computer worker.)

To learn more about low visual eyestrain and headaches see my other article: Why Those with Low Vision Suffer from Eyestrain and Headaches

If the demands of the job exceed the standard accessibility features offered by the computer’s operating system, additional technology will be needed. Screen reading programs and additional screen magnifying programs can be added.

Screen Reading and Magnifying Programs

The accessibility features included with computer operating systems provide for basic magnification and text-to-speech usage (screen reader).

Third-party magnification and screen reading software can be added to your system. These software applications offer more flexibility in options, are more refined in personal customization, and offer high-quality performance versus the magnification and screen reading software included with your computer’s operating system.

The magnified text will appear clearer, less pixilated with higher magnification, and therefore, will be easier to read. The screen reader software will have more voice choices that may be more natural sounding than the ‘robotic’-sounding operating system narrator.

Those software packages can be purchased as either a stand-alone screen magnifier or screen reader software or purchased as a bundle(magnifier plus screen reader).

Examples:

MAGic by Freedom Scientific. Screen reader and screen magnifier.

Zoom Text by Freedom Scientific. 2 programs: magnifier or magnifier + reader.

SuperNova by Dolphin. Screen magnifier and reader.

JAWS by Freedom Scientific. Screen reader for non-visual students/workers.

NVDA, by nvaccess.org Open source, (free) globally accessible screen reader for the visually impaired and blind.

These programs can be expensive. Check for a free trial option on the sellers’ website. Be sure it is compatible with your computer operating system.

How to convert paper printed documents to accessible print for the visually impaired

A low vision employee may have to read printed documents. There are several options depending on how the information on the printed paper, presumably in small 12pt print, is to be used. The document can either be read aloud and/or magnified by connecting to a PC.

The technology that transforms a scanned image into speech is called optical character recognition (OCR) and then converts it to speech (TTS).

Here is an article that outlines OCR/TTS and STT technology: Electronic Technology: OCR, TTS, and STT

There are several ways to have printed material read aloud (can use headphones if there is an output jack):

Small portable, handheld reader.
Reading machine. Essentially is a scanner that then converts the scanned information into synthesized speech. These are stand-alone units that do not need to be connected to a computer.
CCTV and video magnifiers. There are some models of these low vision devices that have the OCR/TTS technology. The advantage is that there is a magnified image on the video screen.
Cell phone applications. These apps use the camera to take a picture, then the software app converts the printed word characters into speech.
Scanners with output to a PC. This requires OCR software added to the computer. This is the workhorse option for the office and students. The scanned document can be manipulated by the user to be saved, modified, exported, or edited. The user can also follow along as the system reads the magnified text on the screen.

image of the the Enhanced Vision Smart Reader HD, scanning print — Smart Reader HD by Enhanced Vision

Image of the OrCam Read held in a hand — **OrCam Read**

Speech Recognition Software (STT, speech-to-text)

Like the magnification and screen reading programs of your computer, phone, and tablet operating systems, there is built-in speech recognition software. This allows the user to interact with the technology, bypassing the keyboard and using their voice. Its function is 2 fold:

1. Controls the system by using simple commands to open apps and navigate through pages and applications, and

2. translates the spoken word into text for emails and document creation. The user can dictate, edit, correct, and format text.

This application does require a microphone. The app is launched from the settings accessibility options. Using speech recognition programs requires some training and practice.

For workers and students that need a workhorse software program, there is third-party software available. They are designed for business and classrooms for ease of use to boost productivity with greater functionality, flexibility, and accuracy.

image of the box the Dragon software comes in. — Dragon Natural Speaking Premium

The best known third-party speech recognition software is by Nuance (now Microsoft) Dragon suite of software programs.

In the end…

Innovations and technology have changed greatly in recent history. Awareness and understanding by the visually impaired and the general public can make those with disabilities a part of the mainstream workforce. Given the right tools, those with vision loss can be as productive as their sighted colleagues. But, the visually impaired must advocate for themselves and learn as much as they can about what options and assistive technology are available.

Start by looking for community services and government agencies that can help with finding the right low vision specialists, optometrists, occupational therapists, and counselors, who in turn can help with finding job skill programs and financial help with accessibility technologies.

Resources

Job Accommodation Network Resource for disabled employees and employers:

Finding services by state or Canadian Province: The Visionaware website. From the’ Search the Directory’ dropdown menu: go to Low Vision Services. Next dropdown beneath it, go to state or province. Click your state or province to get a list of services.

US Federal: US Equal Employment Opportunity

Austrilia Vision Australia Employment assistance website.

New Zealand Blind Low Vision NZ

UK Equality and Human Rights Commission Access to Work RNIB Access to Work website

Resources for purchasing Low Vision Products featured here: (I have no affiliation with these sellers)

Independent Living Aids

LS&S Products

MaxiAids

How Sunglasses Can Help the Visually Impaired

Sunglasses serve a greater purpose than simply reducing sunlight. Beyond visual comfort, they provide crucial protection and optimize visual function, especially for the visually impaired. It’s not just about light transmission; it’s about how the lens enhances their vision.

Introduction: Sunglasses can be transformative for those with visual impairments. While many see them as a fashion accessory or a shield against bright sunlight, their benefits go much further. For individuals with visual challenges, sunglasses play a crucial role in enhancing their vision and quality of life.

Here’s how sunglasses can help the visually impaired:

reducing glare and haze to provide clearer, sharper vision,
enhancing color definition,
reducing reflections off the lenses, and
most importantly, 100% UV protection.

The Science Behind Premium Sunglasses

Manufacturers of premium sunglasses are utilizing their expertise in how the eye interacts with various wavelengths of light to develop cutting-edge color-enhancing technologies. These advancements are more than just fashion; they significantly enhance vision.

For instance, certain lenses are designed to selectively absorb specific wavelengths of light, such as blue and yellow, while simultaneously boosting green and red wavelengths. This specialized filtration is combined with UV absorbers, polarization, and anti-reflective coatings to create a truly premium sunglass lens. This advanced technology is a key factor contributing to the higher cost of these sunglasses.

Performance Sunglasses and Prescription Options: When we typically think of performance sunglasses, we imagine non-prescription eyewear. However, many of the leading premium sunglass brands also offer their high-tech lenses in prescription form, available by special order. Brands such as Ray-Ban, Oakley, Maui Jim, Costa del Mar, Bolle, Serengeti, and Wiley X are among those that provide this option, ensuring that those with prescription needs can also benefit from top-tier eye protection and visual enhancement.

Here I will discuss four aspects of sunglass technology and the role they play in not only protecting the eyes, but optimizing vision:

Tints,
UV protection,
polarization, and
anti-reflection coatings.

How to Determine the Best Sunglass Tint

Sunglasses are more than just tinted lenses; they play a crucial role in protecting your eyes. The tint of a lens affects the amount of light that reaches your eyes. Tints not only come in different colors but also vary in transmissibility, which refers to the amount of light allowed to pass through the lens.

Generally, the darker the tint, the less light is transmitted through the lens. Those spending extended time outdoors in bright sunlight may opt for a lens with low transmittance to reduce brightness.

Keep in mind, that the darkness of the tint does not necessarily indicate its ability to protect against harmful UV light.

Consideration for Vision Needs:

Individuals with low vision may have varying preferences when it comes to light levels. Some find increased light levels beneficial for optimizing their vision. On the other hand, those with inherited eye diseases might benefit from lower light levels, which can improve visual function.

It’s also important to consider that individuals with impaired vision may find certain tinted lenses too dark, hindering their ability to see adequately. Finding the right balance of tint darkness is crucial for both protection and optimal vision.

Confused as to what you may need? The truth is that what you may need, can vary by the environment, activity, and the light level that day or time of day.

The three most common lens colors are grey, brown, and yellow.

Grey is a neutral tint, meaning it doesn’t significantly change the perception of colors. What it does not do is increase contrast. It does have the overall effect of decreasing brightness. This tint is good for those who are light-sensitive and is especially good for driving.

image of sunglasses with a brown tint — Brown

Brown imparts its own color flavor, meaning it does change the color perception by absorbing more blue and enhancing reds. For this reason, brown increases contrast. The color temperature is not “grayed out’ so the environment is still bright. This tint is good for those that feel the grey makes it too dim and they need more contrast.

image of sunglasses with a yellow tint — Yellow

Yellow and Amber are the blue-blocking lenses. While it neutralizes scattered blue light, which increases contrast, the environment is still ‘bright.’ For low vision persons, this tint would be best for cloudy, hazy days to help with contrast. Yellow or amber (yellow-brown color) are not good for driving because they can confuse the color of light signals and warning signs.

I might also suggest different sunglasses for different light levels. Dark grey for those very bright sunny days to cut harsh sunlight. Brown tints work well for days that may be overcast. This has the effect of not making your vision dimmer and still keeping things bright for clarity, while still giving UV protection. Yellow/amber for early morning or twilight to give contrast (but not for driving!).

For outdoor activities like camping, hiking, or golfing, consider the green, (G-15 from Ray-Ban for example) which is good for making objects stand out from the green foliage.

Understanding UV Protection in Sunglasses

Decreasing light levels with a tint may give a greater level of visual comfort, but may not offer enough protection against wavelengths of light known to be harmful to the sensitive tissues of the eye. Specifically, protection from the high energy, damaging, short- wavelength UV light. Lens materials such as plastic and polycarbonate have some UV absorbing capability.

(see Lens Materials).

For added protection from UV light, sunglasses should have UV light absorbing properties that eliminate the damaging light rays from reaching the eyes. Look for ‘100% UV protection’ or ‘UV 400’ labeling on a tag or lens sticker.

For regular eyeglasses, a UV coating can be applied. Regular clear plastic prescription eyewear, a plastic called CR-39, does provide some UV protection. A UV coating takes it a step further to 100% UV protection. Polycarbonate, which is known as safety ‘impact resistant’ plastic, does not need an additional UV coating for 100% UV protection.

Polarized Lenses: Are polarized lenses the same as UV protection?

NO. Keep in mind that sunglass lenses that are labeled as polarized do not mean UV protection. Polarization is a feature added to lenses to decrease glare and increase visual comfort.

Polarized lenses have a molecular structure which gives them the ability to reduce glare. Glare is light reflected and scattered off of a surface that is brighter than the surrounding light. Glare can decrease our capability to see clearly and can cause visual discomfort.

Polarized sunglass lenses are designed to filter reflected light in order to reduce glare from horizontal surfaces. Veiling glare from the hood of a car, a dashboard, reflection off of snow, or the surface of the water can be reduced or eliminated. For this reason, they are helpful for driving and sports.

The benefit of polarized sunglasses versus non-polarized sunglasses are:

Reduces surface reflections and glare,
perception of seeing things clearer,
Improves visual comfort, and
reduces squinting and eye fatigue.

Keep in mind, that not all polarized lenses are the same. Lenses differ in their capability to reduce glare. That could explain why an inexpensive set of polarized sunglasses do not seem to work as well as a higher quality pair.

Those with eye disease should wear protective sun wear to reduce exposure to harmful UV light. Polarized lenses are an add-on feature beneficial to those with low vision to reduce light scatter in order to optimize vision.

Anti-reflective Coatings (Anti-Glare) are not just for sunglasses

Anti-reflective coating is applied to the surface of the eyeglass lens to optimize vision by reducing glare. Ideally, it should be applied to both the front and back surfaces of the lens for maximum benefit. It serves several purposes:

Reduces reflections off of surfaces like wet roads and glare from headlights. For this reason, it is recommended for night driving. The above photo shows an anti-reflective coating on the right lens ‘dampens’ water reflections. (from Crizal ®)
Reduces internal lens reflections, especially important for those with thick eyeglass lenses. High index lenses, which are the lighter, thinner premium prescription eyeglass lenses, may have annoying internal reflections, which are minimized by an anti-reflective coating
Reduces reflections of light that hit the eyeglass lenses from behind and reflect back into the eye.
Cosmetically a more attractive appearance, because the coating reduces glare from the front surface of the lens. The eyeglass lens with an anti-reflective coating and no surface reflections seems to ‘disappear:’

Reflections off the surface of the lenses on the left make it difficult to see the person’s eyes. The lenses on the right have an AR coating which reduces reflections off the surface. (from Crizal®)

In the End…

Sunglasses are more than a fashion statement; they are essential tools for those with visual impairments. By providing protection, enhancing vision, and optimizing visual function, the right pair of sunglasses can make a significant difference in daily life. Whether it’s navigating busy streets or enjoying outdoor activities, the visually impaired can benefit greatly from the right eyewear.

Incorporating sunglasses into daily routines can improve independence and confidence, empowering individuals with visual challenges to navigate the world more comfortably and safely.

Insight into Low Vision

AREDS vs AREDS 2

Low Vision, Depression, and Anxiety

Low Vision, Eyestrain, and Headaches

Recent Posts

Non-optical tools for the classroom

Other non-optical tools:

Optical magnification for the younger students

Electronic Magnifiers

Computer technology and OCR/TTS technology

Computer Accessibility Programs: Text-to-Speech and Magnification

How the Visually Impaired can Use Electronic tablets, e-Readers, and Audio Books

Sources of audiobooks for children:

Should the child with low vision learn Braille?

Factors that may influence whether or not a child will need to learn Braille:

Are public schools in the US required to provide low vision devices and services to children with vision impairments?

Are colleges in the US required to provide low vision devices and services to a student with vision impairment?

In the End…

How are vision and memory connected?

Does the brain function differently after vision loss?

How does vision loss affect you intellectually?

Is there an association between vision impairment and cognitive decline?

How does the age of vision loss affect memory?

In the End…

How to Optimize Lighting for the Visually Impaired

Ways to Optimize the Lighting in the Home

How to Optimize Ambient Room Lighting

How to Optimize Light in Work Areas

Reduce Glare to Optimize Visual Function

How to Increase Contrast to Optimize Visual Function

What Makes Someone More Light-sensitive?

What are the Best Types of Lights

In the End…

How does omega-3 affect the eyes?

Does omega-3 help with AMD?

Are the omega-3 fatty acids good for diabetic retinopathy?

Can omega-3 help with dry eyes?

What are food sources for Omega-3 Fatty Acids?

Which omega-3 is best for the eyes?

How much omega-3 is recommended daily?

Who should not take omega-3?

How long does it take for omega-3 to work for the eyes?

How do I check my omega-3 levels?

In the end..

Ensuring Rights and Compliance: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Overcoming Challenges: The Employment Struggle for the Visually Impaired

Breaking Down Barriers: Challenges for Visually Impaired Employment

Employers’ Lack of Understanding

Employers’ Concerns about Safety

Transportation as a Barrier to Employment

Lack of Training and Skills Access

Balancing Work and Disability Benefits

Preparing for the Workforce: Tips for Visually Impaired Individuals

1. Identify Your Interests and Skills

2. Seek Skills and Training Opportunities

3. Explore Accessibility Tools and Adaptations

4. Plan Transportation Options

Adapting for Success: Tools and Technology for Visually Impaired Workers

What are the adaptations for the working visually impaired?

1. Environmental modifications,

2. non-optical assistive devices,

3. optical magnification, and

4. computer technology.

Workplace Adaptations using Environmental Modifications

Workplace Adaptations Using Non-optical Devices

Workplace Adaptations Using Magnification

Workplace Computer Technology Adaptations

Technologies for computer access for the visually impaired :

The starting point for computer accessibility:

Screen Reading and Magnifying Programs

How to convert paper printed documents to accessible print for the visually impaired

In the end…

Resources

The Science Behind Premium Sunglasses

How to Determine the Best Sunglass Tint

Consideration for Vision Needs:

Understanding UV Protection in Sunglasses

Polarized Lenses: Are polarized lenses the same as UV protection?

Anti-reflective Coatings (Anti-Glare) are not just for sunglasses

In the End…