A search of ongoing clinical trials shows that there are presently 127 studies utilizing Coenzyme q10. Most all of them are in the areas of diseases of the heart, neurological disease, some psychological disorders, pregnancy, and statin users. There is some research looking at the role of decreasing levels of Co q10 in the retina and possible link to age related macular degeneration. The decreasing role of co q10 in energy production and free radical scavenging may be linked to the progression of macular degeneration.
Co q10 is a molecule of the ubiquinone family of compounds . The ubiquinones are substances that are found throughout the body, hence the term “ubiquitous”. It is not considered a vitamin because it can be made by the body. Coenzyme q10 is found in cell membranes, where it has two functions: (1) it is an essential compound used by the cell to form energy in the form of ATP, from carbohydrates to be used by the cell, (2) it is involved in free radical scavenging. Continue reading “Co enzyme q10”
Saffron’s Potential for Eye Health: Exploring Neuroprotective Benefits
Research into saffron reveals promising indications of its neuroprotective properties, which safeguard nerves from damage, degeneration, and impairment, particularly concerning photoreceptors.
Numerous studies on saffron supplementation among individuals with conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, Stargardt’s disease, and retinitis pigmentosa have demonstrated encouraging results in shielding retinal nerves from degenerative processes.
Understanding Saffron: Nature’s Precious Spice
Saffron, a coveted spice, originates from the three vivid red stigmas, each approximately 25-30 mm long, of the crocus flower. Distinct from the spring-blooming crocus commonly found in the United States, saffron comes from a variety of crocus known as Crocus sativus, primarily cultivated in the Middle East, where it blooms in the Fall.
Iran stands as the leading global producer of saffron. However, its production is a labor-intensive process, as it requires the painstaking collection of thousands of flowers to yield merely an ounce of this prized spice. As a result, saffron commands a high price, averaging around $73. USD per ounce.
Unveiling Saffron’s Eye-Nurturing Powers
saffron threads
Saffron has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotectiveproperties. Numerous studies, though predominantly conducted on animals, have delved into the impact of saffron on the photoreceptors nestled within the neural retina of the eye. These photoreceptors, specialized nerve cells, are pivotal in translating light energy into vision.
Prominent research exploring the effects of antioxidants on slowing the progression of macular degeneration in humans has yielded encouraging results. Similarly, studies on saffron suggest its potential neuroprotective prowess in shielding photoreceptors from damage, degeneration, and impairment, as evidenced by animal trials showcasing its ability to preserve photoreceptor function.
Moreover, a compelling animal study hinted at saffron’s capacity to influence gene expression—an intriguing finding, especially for individuals grappling with hereditary retinal ailments like macular degeneration, Stargardt’s disease, and retinitis pigmentosa. Human research further supports these findings, revealing that saffron may enhance retinal sensitivity, particularly beneficial in the early stages of macular degeneration.
Saffron’s Impact on Eye Diseases
Saffron, akin to numerous other herbal supplements, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, it’s the additional bioactivities of saffron that garner attention in the realm of eye health.
Saffron’s Potential in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
The hope surrounding saffron as a prospective treatment for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) stems from several studies conducted on patients with early-stage, mild to moderate dry AMD.
Dosages administered in these studies typically ranged from 20 to 50 mg per day. Each study exhibited an enhancement in ERG sensitivity and an improvement in visual acuity by approximately one line of letters on a visual acuity chart. Notably, these benefits reached their peak potential after three months of supplementation, with no further enhancement observed thereafter, suggesting a plateau effect.
Glaucoma Management with Saffron Supplementation
In a small-scale clinical trial, patients with stable Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, already receiving treatment with a beta-blocker eye drop (timolol) and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (dorzolamide), were administered 30 mg of saffron daily for a duration of four weeks. Researchers observed a notable reduction in eye pressure during this supplementation period.
However, it’s noteworthy that once the saffron supplementation was discontinued, eye pressure reverted to pre-supplementation levels, indicating a transient effect.
Examining Saffron’s Role in Diabetic Macular Edema
In a small-scale study involving diabetics, administration of a crocin extract at a dosage of 15 mg per day over a span of three months yielded remarkable results, notably a significant improvement in visual acuity.
Moreover, researchers observed noteworthy reductions in HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels following oral crocin supplementation. This led to the conclusion that supplementation with this saffron extract enhances blood sugar regulation by boosting insulin sensitivity and averting pancreatic beta-cell failure. Such mechanisms hold promise in mitigating the risk of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy. (Ref: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Ocular Diseases: …)
Saffron’s Potential in Stargardt’s Disease
Stargardt’s Disease, a hereditary form of macular degeneration, predominantly affects individuals in their first, second, and third decades of life. This condition stems from a defective ABCA4 gene, leading to the accumulation of toxic retinal metabolic byproducts known as lipofusin, ultimately resulting in central vision loss due to the demise of retinal pigment epithelial cells and the adjacent light-sensitive photoreceptor cells.
While only a handful of studies have investigated the potential benefits of saffron for individuals with Stargardt’s disease, it is believed to exert a stabilizing effect on the central vision area, albeit without a noticeable increase in visual acuity. Researchers hypothesize that this effect may be linked to the antioxidant activity of the carotenoids crocin and crocetin. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear, and ongoing clinical studies aim to provide further insights into saffron’s therapeutic potential in this condition. (Ref:Antioxidant Saffron and Central Retinal Function …)
Saffron’s Potential in Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) encompasses a spectrum of inherited neurodegenerative retinal disorders characterized by diminished night vision, gradual peripheral vision loss, and eventual visual field constriction, with the possibility of central vision impairment as the condition progresses. The inheritance patterns of RP are diverse, often involving complex gene mutations.
Preliminary studies conducted on animal models, such as the rat model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, offer intriguing insights into the potential therapeutic role of safranal, an extract derived from Crocus sativus. These studies suggest that safranal may hold promise in slowing the degeneration of photoreceptor cells associated with RP.(Ref: Safranal, a Saffron Constituent, Attenuates Retinal Degeneration …)
Saffron as a Supplement for General Health
Saffron holds a long history in traditional folk medicine, where it has been utilized for various purposes such as treating asthma, serving as an aphrodisiac, and possessing anti-convulsive properties. In recent years, saffron has garnered attention in the realm of mental health, particularly in the treatment of depression, and has been explored for its potential as an appetite suppressant aiding in weight loss efforts.
Moreover, ongoing research delves into a myriad of potential health benefits offered by saffron, including its role in cholesterol regulation, cancer treatment, management of psoriasis, promotion of neural health, and support for retinal health—an area of particular interest concerning eye health.
Saffron Supplements
Saffron supplements typically come in the form of saffron extracts, where the active components are the carotenoids: crocin, responsible for its color, and crocetin. These compounds are believed to function as antioxidants, combating free radicals, and potentially exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties, along with enhancing ocular blood flow—an aspect crucial in the treatment of conditions like glaucoma.
Additionally, saffron contains two other active constituents: safranal, responsible for its aroma, and picrocrocin, imparting its flavor. These components possess analgesic properties, offering pain relief, and also display anti-inflammatory effects.
Dosage of Saffron Supplements
In various studies, patients have been administered doses ranging from 20 to 50 mg per day of saffron. However, literature does not consistently specify the exact percentages of the active ingredients present in these supplements.
As of now, no recommended daily values for saffron supplementation have been established. Commercial supplements typically contain anywhere from 20 to 88 mg of saffron extract per capsule. Some products may specify the standardized amount of safranal, often around 0.3%. This standardization ensures consistency in the extract’s ingredients across different batches. However, it’s important to note that this specification doesn’t provide information about the quantities of the other three active ingredients—crocin, crocetin, and picrocrocin.
Unfortunately, it remains unclear how these dosages compare to those administered in research studies.
What are the Side Effects of Saffron Supplementation?
Clinical studies typically utilize doses ranging from 15 to 50 mg per day of saffron, which have been generally well tolerated and deemed safe. Reported side effects are infrequent and may include nausea, sedation, appetite changes, and headaches.
However, caution is warranted regarding saffron toxicity, which occurs at much higher doses, typically in the grams range. Toxicity manifests when supplementation exceeds 5 grams per day. The adverse effects of toxicity primarily stem from the accumulation of saffron’s color components in the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, resulting in a yellowish discoloration.
Individuals with kidney disease and those taking blood thinners are advised to avoid saffron supplementation. Additionally, pregnant individuals should abstain from saffron consumption, particularly in large doses, as it may pose a risk of miscarriage due to its potential stimulatory effects.
In the End…
The significance of saffron as a supplement for ocular health remains an area under active investigation. While studies have shown promising results, the precise mechanisms through which saffron extracts exert their beneficial effects on the retina and vision remain incompletely understood. Further research is warranted to elucidate these mechanisms and to fully comprehend the potential of saffron in promoting eye health.
Anthocyanins, the vibrant pigments responsible for the dark purplish-blue, red, and black hues in bilberries, blueberries, Maqui berries, and black currants, serve as potent antioxidants. These berry extracts and powders are essential components in nearly every eye vitamin formula, renowned for their robust antioxidant properties.
In addition to bilberries, blueberries, Maqui berries, and black currants, traces of these same substances can be found in raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries, and cranberries, albeit in much smaller quantities. Anthocyanins also occur in various fruits and vegetables such as sour cherries, plums, purple cabbage, grapes (including red wine), apples, red onions, and sweet potatoes.
The deep blue-purple-black pigment of anthocyanins is not confined to the berries alone; it’s also present in the stems and leaves of the plants. This pigment serves a crucial role, absorbing high-energy blue radiation from sunlight to shield plant cells from photodamage and reduce oxidative stress. By consuming these anthocyanin-rich berries, we aim to safeguard our cells against harmful oxidative stress.
Anthocyanins belong to the Flavonoid class of antioxidants, which are organic and water-soluble. While there are hundreds of anthocyanins, six are commonly found in foods: cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, and petunidin. This information is valuable, as you may encounter specific anthocyanins listed in the ‘supplement facts.’
Upon ingestion, anthocyanins are swiftly absorbed by the digestive system but are also rapidly eliminated by the kidneys. They are absorbed within minutes of ingestion and typically clear the body within four hours. (Ref: Anthocyanins: structural characteristics…)
The Multi-Faceted Benefits of Anthocyanins
Antioxidants play a vital role in neutralizing harmful free radicals within our bodies, thus halting or reversing cell damage that may precipitate disease.
Beyond their antioxidant properties, anthocyanins boast a spectrum of bioactive functions, including:
Anti-inflammatory action
DNA stabilization
Anti-cancer potential
Enhancement of insulin secretion and sensitivity
Antibacterial properties
Enhancing Eye Health: The Impact of Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins play an important role in promoting eye health through various mechanisms:
Optimizing Photoreceptor Function: Anthocyanins stimulate the regeneration of rhodopsin, the light-sensing pigment in photoreceptors, thereby facilitating dark adaptation—a vital process for vision in low-light conditions.
Enhancing Retinal Circulation: Anthocyanins contribute to improved blood circulation in the retina, which is essential for maintaining optimal retinal health, particularly in conditions like low tension glaucoma and macular health.
Combatting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: With their potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, anthocyanins help mitigate damage caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in the eye.
While studies have not demonstrated a direct concentration of anthocyanins in the eye, their protective effect on the collagen structure of blood vessels supporting ocular circulation underscores their significance for eye health. While research linking anthocyanins specifically to vision health is limited, existing studies highlight their broader cardiovascular benefits and potential in managing conditions like diabetes. (Ref; Distribution and excretion of bilberry anthocyanins)
Macular degeneration
Its anti-oxidant function is beneficial for those with macular degeneration. Anthocyanins have been shown to protect DNA against oxidative stress induced by UV irradiation, which is a source of oxidative stress to the structures of the eye.
Glaucoma
Anthocyanins have been shown to increase vascular blood flow. This is significant for those with low tension glaucoma (Normal Tension Glaucoma, NTG). Studies have shown that increased blood flow in these NTG patients benefited with an improvement in visual field and visual acuity.
If you are interested in glaucoma herbal treatments see article:
Studies of diabetic patients (and mice) given anthocyanins experienced a beneficial effect on lowing fasting plasma glucose levels and preventing insulin resistance.
The Potency of Bilberry
Bilberry, renowned for its unparalleled concentration of anthocyanins, stands out as a powerhouse of antioxidant capability.
Native to Europe, bilberry thrives as a small, purplish-blue fruit akin to its American counterpart, the blueberry, yet more closely related to huckleberries. Its vibrant hue signifies the presence of anthocyanins, the active ingredient responsible for its antioxidant prowess.
Traditionally, bilberry has been utilized in herbal medicine to address an array of ailments, including stomach issues, diarrhea, scurvy, infections, and kidney stones. When combined with nutrients like vitamins C, E, and A, it is believed to bolster blood vessel integrity by reducing vascular permeability and capillary fragility.
Bilberry and the Eye
Bilberry’s association with vision health dates back to World War II, with Royal Air Force pilots attributing improved night vision to bilberry consumption. However, this notion, debunked as a myth, lacks empirical evidence.
The only study that I found that comes close to improving vision in healthy subjects was a 2005 study which concluded that given 100 mg/day purified extract of anthocyanin for 4 weeks, improved eyestrain and contrast sensitivity in nearsighted subjects. (Ref: Purified high-dose anthocyanoside oligomer …)
Bilberry and Myopia Control. A German clinical trial using Difrarel®E (Bilberry extracts anthocyanosides and vitamin E) with 36 patients who had progressive myopia, were treated for 14½ months. Twenty nine patients saw a stabilization of any myopic changes and stable or improved visual acuity.
Bilberry and cataracts. There is a study that linked bilberry extract with vitamin E (using Difrarel®E) as a way of halting the progression of cataracts.
Bilberry and Glaucoma. Another study done on patients with normal tension glaucoma showed an improvement in visual function with a combination of Gingko biloba and bilberry extract. (Open angle glaucoma is the more common form of glaucoma.) At this time there is no herbal substitution recommendations for the treatment of glaucoma.
Bilberry and Diabetic Eye Disease. Bilberry has also been recommended for diabetics as a way of glucose control and stabilizing blood vessels to prevent bleeding. This suggests that it may play a role in stabilizing the retinopathy associated with diabetic eye disease.
Bilberry Supplements and Dosages
Bilberry has the highest concentration of the active substance, anthocyanin. Bilberry supplement preparations are in the form of extracts, preservatives, powders, and liquids.
When considering bilberry supplements, it’s imperative to ascertain the percentage of anthocyanin content, with 25% being the minimum recommended concentration. Dosages typically range from 20 to 60 mg per capsule, with a suggested intake of 2 to 3 capsules daily, totaling 200 mg.
Safety and Side Effects of Bilberry Extract
Bilberry has been determined to be safe when consumed appropriately. It has no reported contraindications. Although relatively safe, it is recommended that high doses for extended periods of time could be toxic.
The Power of Blueberries
Blueberries have earned the esteemed title of ‘superfood’ due to their remarkable antioxidant activity, with anthocyanins constituting 60% of their antioxidants. Renowned for their myriad health benefits, blueberries are recommended for combating cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and supporting vision health.
Research highlights the diverse therapeutic potential of blueberry constituents:
Anti-cancer Properties: Blueberries contain active ingredients with anti-cancer properties, offering promise in cancer prevention and treatment.
Anti-diabetic Benefits: Blueberries exhibit anti-diabetic effects, making them valuable in managing and preventing diabetes-related complications.
Anti-obesity Effects: Particularly significant for diabetic retinopathy, the anti-obesity properties of blueberries contribute to overall health and may aid in mitigating diabetic complications.
Neuroprotection against Neurodegenerative Diseases: Blueberries demonstrate neuroprotective effects, particularly beneficial in combating age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Anti-inflammatory Action: Blueberries possess potent anti-inflammatory properties, guarding against light-induced retinal injury and supporting ocular health.
Harnessing the power of blueberries as a dietary staple offers a natural and effective approach to promoting overall health and safeguarding vision.
The retina, with its high metabolic rate and constant exposure to UV irradiation, faces considerable oxidative stress. Limited studies have suggested a potential link between blueberry consumption and a decreased risk of age-related macular degeneration.
Supplementing with Blueberries
When considering commercially available blueberry supplements, many typically contain 400 to 500 mg of blueberry extract. However, these labels often do not specify the anthocyanin content or percentage but encompass various other active compounds found in blueberries.
The designation of ‘wild’ blueberries as the extract source implies a higher antioxidant content, attributed to the harsher growing conditions compared to cultivated berries.
Determining the clinically effective dose for the health benefits of blueberry extract remains uncertain. A moderate daily intake of whole blueberries amounts to approximately 1/3 cup, providing an estimated 50 mg of anthocyanins.
The Unique Qualities of Maqui Berries
Maqui berries hail from the southern regions of Chile and Argentina in South America, boasting a striking dark blue-purple hue akin to North American blueberries and European bilberries. Like other berries, maqui berries contain anthocyanins, offering similar health benefits.
However, what sets them apart is their elevated concentration of a specific anthocyanin: delphinidin-glucoside. Surpassing bilberries, blueberries, and black currants, this distinctive feature contributes to the exceptional antioxidant potency of maqui berries.
Maqui Berry’s Potential for Eye Health
Despite limited research, Maqui berry shows promise in addressing ocular health and diseases. Notably, it has been explored as a treatment for dry eye, with a standardized extract known as MaquiBright®.
A 2014 study yielded encouraging results, indicating that administering 60 mg of Maqui berry extract over 60 days led to increased tear fluid volume in patients. This effect is attributed to its anti-inflammatory properties targeting the lacrimal glands, likely due to the higher concentration of the anthocyanin delphinidins, which are known to accumulate in these glands.
MaquiBright® is a standardized extract produced by a manufacturer and supplied to other manufacturers as a raw ingredient. It is standardized to 25%, which represents delphinidins(a specific type of anthocyanin) and 35% anthocyanins. MaquiBright® can be found in several commercially available vision supplements.
The Benefits of Black Currants for Eye Health
Black currants, small purplish-black berries commonly found across Asia, Europe, and New Zealand, have a rich history in traditional Asian medicine, renowned for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, they are believed to possess antibacterial and antiviral activity, further adding to their therapeutic potential.
In terms of eye health, black currants share similarities with other anthocyanin-rich berries mentioned previously. The essential active ingredients are not only present in the berries but also in the seeds, commonly found in supplements as black currant seed oil. This oil contains additional beneficial compounds such as Vitamin C and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid.
GLA, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, is not synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. Vitamin C, an antioxidant, plays an important role in combating chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to various eye diseases. Together, these components make black currant seed oil a valuable addition to eye health regimens.
The GLA reduces inflammation and the symptoms of dry eye. Sellers of black currant seed oil advertise it as a supplement for eye fatigue and discomfort. This claim is based on a study indicating less symptomatic eye fatigue experienced by users of technology, which were supplemented with black currant anthocyanin extracts. (Ref: Effects of black current anthocyanoside)
Supplementing with Black Currants
Black currant supplements are available in various forms, including juice, fruit powders, extracts, and softgels containing black currant seed oil. However, standardized dosages for black currant supplements are lacking. In clinical studies, extracts typically contain 50 mg of active anthocyanin ingredients.
Softgel supplements containing black currant seed oil are commonly produced, with manufacturers specifying the amount of the active ingredient, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA).
In the End…
Throughout centuries, berries and their extracts have been integral components of traditional medicines. The anthocyanin class of organic compounds, renowned for their potent antioxidant properties, have been extensively studied and shown to exert numerous bioactive effects that benefit human health.
While definitive studies on the relationship between anthocyanins and vision are still emerging, accumulating evidence suggests a potential link between these bioactive substances and a reduced risk of eye disease.
Berry supplements also exhibit effects on blood clotting, exerting anti-platelet aggregation activity. This aspect is particularly significant for individuals taking anticoagulants or preparing for surgery. As always, it is important to consult with your physician before initiating any new supplement regimen to ensure safety and efficacy.
While there is no clear conclusive evidence for treatment of eye disease with the turmeric active ingredient; curcumin, there have been many animal studies in which curcumin holds promise as a potential treatment for various eye diseases.
Understanding the Distinction Between Turmeric and Curcumin
Turmeric, often referred to as the “golden spice,” owes its vibrant orange-yellow hue to its roots as an underground rhizome of a tropical plant, akin to ginger. A staple in Indian cuisine and common in curry powder, turmeric adds both color and flavor to dishes.
Curcumin, on the other hand, serves as the active ingredient within turmeric responsible for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Constituting approximately 2 to 9% of turmeric, curcuminoids are the key compounds driving turmeric’s therapeutic effects. Beyond curcumin, turmeric also serves as a source of essential nutrients such as vitamin C and magnesium.
While turmeric encompasses a broader spectrum of compounds contributing to its culinary and potential health benefits, curcumin stands out for its specific medicinal properties. Recognizing the distinction between turmeric and curcumin is essential for understanding their respective roles in traditional cuisine and contemporary wellness practices.
Turmeric, Curcumin, and Eye Disease:
Dry Eye Syndrome.
Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease stemming from an imbalance in tear secretion by the eye’s glands, precipitating a range of distressing signs and symptoms including redness, burning, blurred vision, and discomfort.
This condition involves a complex interplay of factors, prominently featuring inflammation, which triggers swelling, pain, and damage to the eye’s surface. Curcumin, known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties, holds significant therapeutic potential in alleviating the inflammation associated with dry eye disease. By targeting the underlying inflammatory processes, curcumin offers a promising avenue for managing and mitigating the symptoms of this common ocular ailment.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, manifests as inflammation of the thin, transparent membrane covering the “white” of the eye and the inner lining of the eyelids.
There are many causes of conjunctivitis:
viral infection
bacterial infection,
dry eyes,
allergens, both air borne and chemical,
contact lenses over-wear, and
chronic UV light exposure.
While the etiology of conjunctivitis is diverse, emerging research suggests that turmeric and its active compound, curcumin, hold promise in managing this condition. In animal models, particularly in mice, turmeric and curcumin have demonstrated the ability to inhibit inflammation and allergic responses to allergens, potentially offering relief for individuals suffering from allergic conjunctivitis. Additionally, their antimicrobial properties suggest potential efficacy in combating bacterial and viral conjunctival infections, presenting a multifaceted approach to addressing this common ocular ailment.
Retinal Detachment
Retinal detachment is a serious condition characterized by the separation of the retina from its underlying tissue layers, often leading to vision loss if left untreated. While primary retinal detachments typically result from mechanical factors such as trauma or aging, secondary retinal detachments can arise from various underlying causes, including inflammation and vascular abnormalities.
Recent studies have sparked interest in the potential of turmeric and its active component, curcumin, in mitigating the cascade of events that contribute to secondary retinal detachments. Curcumin’s multifaceted properties, including its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, make it a compelling candidate for intervention in retinal pathology.
By targeting the inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress implicated in retinal detachment, curcumin holds promise in halting or slowing down the progression of this sight-threatening condition. Furthermore, its ability to modulate vascular function and promote tissue repair may offer additional benefits in promoting retinal health and integrity.
While further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms and optimal therapeutic strategies, the potential of turmeric and curcumin in combating retinal detachment underscores the importance of exploring natural compounds as adjunctive therapies in ocular medicine.
Diabetic Retinopathy.
Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of both type I and type II diabetes, is characterized by a range of ocular abnormalities including retinal swelling (edema), leakage from blood vessels, cell death, and the formation of new blood vessels (neovascularization).
These manifestations of diabetic retinopathy stem from elevated blood sugar levels, which induce oxidative stress and inflammation within the blood vessels and surrounding retinal nerve cells.
Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has garnered attention for its potential in mitigating diabetic retinopathy. Studies have investigated its ability to reduce neovascularization by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the retina of diabetic mice. Additionally, curcumin shows promise in reducing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation associated with diabetic retinopathy, offering a multifaceted approach to managing this sight-threatening condition.
Age Related Macular Degeneration(AMD)
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents a progressive deterioration of vision in the central region of the retina, known as the macula. Typically associated with advancing age, AMD results from a culmination of factors including prolonged oxidative stress, environmental exposures, and underlying genetic predispositions.
Recent research sheds light on the potential of curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, in combating the pathogenesis of AMD. Studies conducted on animal models, particularly mice, have revealed promising outcomes. Curcumin was found to modulate the expression of inflammatory genes, reduce oxidative stress levels, and prevent retinal cell death, thus highlighting its multifaceted therapeutic potential.
By addressing key mechanisms implicated in AMD, such as inflammation and oxidative damage, curcumin emerges as a compelling candidate for clinical intervention in the management of this sight-threatening condition. Moreover, its ability to traverse biological barriers and exert neuroprotective effects further underscores its potential as an adjunctive therapy for AMD.
While further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms and optimize therapeutic strategies, the findings thus far position turmeric and curcumin as valuable assets in the armamentarium against AMD, offering hope for improved clinical outcomes and enhanced quality of life for individuals affected by this debilitating disease.
Glaucoma, a relentless disease marked by progressive retinal nerve degeneration, stems from an imbalance between the inflow and outflow of aqueous fluid in the eye. Typically characterized by elevated intraocular pressure and gradual loss of peripheral vision, glaucoma ranks among the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide.
Emerging research suggests that curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, holds promise in alleviating key pathological processes implicated in glaucoma. Studies have indicated that curcumin may alleviate oxidative stress within the trabecular meshwork, the fluid outflow system of the eye. By reducing oxidative damage to this important structure, curcumin may facilitate the maintenance of fluid outflow and help stabilize intraocular pressure.
Furthermore, curcumin exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that could prove beneficial in mitigating inflammation within the trabecular meshwork, further supporting its potential role in glaucoma management.
While further clinical investigations are necessary to elucidate the full therapeutic potential of curcumin in glaucoma, these preliminary findings offer a glimmer of hope in the quest to preserve vision and combat the devastating impact of this sight-threatening disease.
Emerging evidence from studies using mouse models suggests that curcumin holds promise in delaying the onset and progression of certain types of cataracts.
Cataracts, characterized by the clouding of the lens, typically arise from oxidative stress induced by factors such as UV light exposure and the hyperglycemia associated with diabetes. Curcumin’s potential role in cataract prevention stems from its ability to counteract oxidative damage and maintain antioxidant balance within the lens.
Studies indicate that curcumin may inhibit the depletion of antioxidants, particularly vitamin C, while also curbing the uncontrolled formation of free radicals, which contribute to lens opacity. By mitigating oxidative stress and preserving antioxidant defenses, curcumin may offer a promising avenue for safeguarding against the development and progression of cataracts.
Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying curcumin’s protective effects on lens health and to assess its clinical relevance in cataract prevention and management. Nonetheless, these findings suggest that turmeric and its active component, curcumin, hold potential as natural allies in the fight against cataract formation. (Ref: Therapeutic potential of curcumin in eye diseases )
Autosomal Dominant Retinitis pigmentosa.
View of the retina: Retinitis pigmentosa
Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (ADRP) stands as a prevalent cause of hereditary retinal degeneration in adults, marked by the gradual loss of photoreceptor cells within the retina, leading to progressive visual field constriction and night blindness.
In the pursuit of effective interventions for ADRP, ongoing research is exploring the potential of curcumin, the active compound found in turmeric. Curcumin’s multifaceted properties, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities, make it an intriguing candidate for mitigating the progression of retinitis pigmentosa.
Preliminary studies aim to elucidate whether curcumin supplementation can attenuate the degenerative processes associated with ADRP, particularly in individuals harboring the autosomal dominant mutation. By targeting oxidative stress and reducing cellular damage, curcumin holds promise in preserving retinal function and slowing down the loss of photoreceptor cells.
Furthermore, curcumin’s ability to inhibit the accumulation of damaging proteins within retinal cells presents another avenue for potentially halting disease progression in ADRP.
While further research is necessary to validate these findings and establish the clinical efficacy of curcumin in ADRP management, the preliminary evidence underscores its potential as a novel therapeutic approach in combating this sight-threatening condition. (Ref: Rescue of photoreceptor degeneration by curcumin…)
Turmeric and Curcumin for General Health
Throughout history, turmeric has held a revered place in ancient Indian medicine, renowned for its diverse therapeutic properties. Traditionally used to address ailments ranging from heart disease and cognitive disorders to arthritis and digestive issues, turmeric has captured the attention of modern science for its potential health benefits.
In contemporary research, curcumin, the active compound within turmeric, has emerged as a focal point in the quest for natural remedies. Ongoing studies are exploring the multifaceted roles of curcumin in cancer prevention, anti-aging interventions, mood disorders, heart health, digestive ailments, and ocular disorders, among others.
One area of particular interest is the potential of curcumin in addressing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a complex neurodegenerative condition characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain. While our understanding of AD remains incomplete, preliminary clinical studies suggest a possible link between curcumin supplementation and the prevention or reversal of certain pathological features associated with the disease.
Turmeric (Curcumin) Supplements: Enhancing Bioavailability for Optimal Benefits
A persistent challenge associated with turmeric and its active component, curcumin, lies in its limitedbioavailability, meaning that only a fraction of the ingested compound is absorbed by the body, thereby restricting its therapeutic potential. Researchers have actively sought solutions to enhance curcumin’s bioavailability, often through the formulation of combination supplements.
In addition to bioavailability concerns, several other factors can hinder curcumin’s efficacy as a therapeutic agent. These include
t has low water solubility,
Lack of purity of curcumin extracts. Extracts are a mixture of curcuminoid substances, all found in turmeric.
Depending on the environment, curcumin degrades into other compounds.
When selecting a turmeric supplement, it’s crucial to consider formulations that address these challenges. Look for supplements that include additional substances like piperine, a compound found in black pepper. Piperine has been shown to significantly enhance curcumin’s bioavailability, sometimes by as much as 2000%.
Furthermore, opt for supplements that specify a curcuminoid extract content of 95% for optimal benefits. It’s important to note that while these recommendations can guide your supplement choices, it’s essential to exercise caution as supplement claims are not regulated by the FDA. By prioritizing bioavailability-enhancing formulations and high-curcuminoid content, individuals can maximize the potential health benefits of turmeric supplementation.
Curcumin, being a hydrophobic (lipid-loving) substance, faces challenges in dissolving effectively in water. To overcome this limitation, micelle technology emerges as a promising solution. Micelle technology utilizes nano delivery systems to encapsulate curcumin within tiny water-soluble “packages,” enhancing its solubility and bioavailability.
By encapsulating curcumin in micelles, this innovative approach facilitates better distribution in the fluids of the bowels, thereby improving its absorption into the bloodstream. Moreover, micelle technology is believed to offer protection to curcumin as it traverses the stomach, ensuring its stability and efficacy.
Another nanotechnology-based delivery system, liposomes, utilizes lipids as the delivery vehicle for curcumin. Similar to micelles, liposomes enhance curcumin’s solubility and bioavailability, offering an alternative approach to optimize its therapeutic potential.
Incorporating micelle or liposomal technology into curcumin supplements represents a promising strategy to overcome its inherent solubility challenges and maximize its health benefits. By harnessing the power of nanotechnology, these advanced delivery systems hold the potential to revolutionize curcumin supplementation, paving the way for enhanced absorption and efficacy. Look for “Liposomal curcumin.’
Side Effects and Safety Considerations When Supplementing with Turmeric and Curcumin
Curcumin is generally regarded as safe and effective, even in large doses, and has received approval as a “generally regarded as safe” compound from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Clinical studies employing high doses ranging from 8 to 12 grams per day have demonstrated its non-toxic nature and excellent tolerance levels among both animal and human subjects.
However, it’s essential to be aware of potential drug interactions associated with curcumin supplementation. Turmeric, when consumed in large doses, may interact with certain medications, including anti-coagulants or anti-platelet drugs, as well as chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, curcumin can affect enzymes involved in drug metabolism, potentially altering the efficacy or safety profile of other medications. (Ref: Linus Pauling Institute)
As with any supplement regimen, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional before initiating turmeric or curcumin supplementation, especially if you are taking medications or have pre-existing health conditions. By discussing potential interactions and monitoring your health closely, you can safely incorporate turmeric and curcumin into your wellness routine while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.
In the End….
While turmeric serves primarily as a culinary spice, its active ingredient, curcumin, harbors significant therapeutic potential for various eye diseases, thanks to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, VEGF inhibition, and antimicrobial properties. However, it’s important to note that most research on curcumin’s efficacy has been conducted in animal studies, and its bioavailability poses a significant challenge.
Curcumin’s poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and elimination when taken orally hinder its effectiveness as a supplement. To validate its efficacy as a viable therapy for ocular diseases, further extensive human clinical trials are warranted. By addressing these limitations and conducting larger-scale studies, we can better understand curcumin’s true potential in promoting eye health and advancing therapeutic interventions for ocular conditions.
Zinc and Selenium: The Essential Minerals Found in Your Multi-Vitamins
Carotenoids play an important role in safeguarding eye health and functionality, with four key players standing out: beta-carotene, vitamin A (retinol), lutein, and zeaxanthin. This diverse group of vitamin carotenoids isn’t just essential for vision; it also supports immune function, cardiovascular health, and aids in cancer prevention.
The Vital Functions of Carotenoids in Eye Health
Beta-carotene and vitamin A are instrumental in maintaining retinal function, ensuring optimal vision. Meanwhile, lutein and zeaxanthin are important for shielding the retina, particularly the delicate macular region, from harmful oxidative stressors.
With these essential carotenoids, your eyes can experience enhanced protection and support, promoting long-term visual acuity and overall eye health.
Essential Role of Beta-Carotene and Vitamin A
Beta-carotene boasts multifaceted benefits, serving as both a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant. Additionally, it functions as a provitamin, meaning it acts as a precursor to vitamin A (retinol). The journey from beta-carotene to vitamin A unfolds within the body:
Beta-carotene >> Vitamin A (retinol) >> Retinal (retinaldehyde)
Once synthesized, retinal undergoes processing in the retina, where it transforms into a light-sensitive molecule crucial for the visual cycle of photoreceptors, particularly rods. This retinal-based molecule plays a important role in light detection. Notably, a deficiency in vitamin A is commonly associated with night blindness, underscoring its indispensable role in maintaining optimal vision.
Clinical Studies on Vitamin A
Vitamin A and beta-carotene have been extensively studied as supplements beneficial for age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), cataracts, retinitis pigmentosa, dry eyes, and thyroid eye disease. Research suggests that their antioxidant properties and role in maintaining retinal health make them promising interventions for these ocular conditions, offering potential support in preventing or managing their progression. e.
Vitamin A has not been recommended as a supplement for those with inherited macular dystrophies, such as Stargardt’s disease (ABC A-4 mutation), Best’s disease, and cone-rod dystrophies. It is thought to cause an increase in deposits resulting in toxicity and death to the cells of the retina. (Read more.) Clinical trials are now underway for a modified form of Vitamin A which is safer for those with the ABC A-4 mutation. (ALK-001 and Stargardt’s disease) (clinicaltrials.gov)
Supplementation of beta-carotene for smokers and former smokers has not been recommended because of a possible risk of developing lung cancer. (See safety concerns, Medline)
Dietary Sources of Vitamin A
Vitamin A, which is formed in the body from beta-carotene by a biochemical process, can be found as preformed vitamin A from animalsources: chicken, fish oils, egg yolks, and beef products of cows which are grass-feed: liver, butter, whole milk, cheese, and cream.
The recommended daily dietary intake of Vitamin A for men is 900 micro-grams and 700 mcg for women. Taking large doses of Vitamin A does not insure healthy eyes.
Vitamin A is a fat soluble nutrient that is stored in the body. Those who supplement excess Vitamin A, greater than 3000 mcg per day, may experience Vitamin A toxicity. There are many side effects associated with hypervitaminosis A including visual disturbances, headache, hair loss, dry skin, jaundice, and sunlight sensitivity. Avoid high dose Vitamin A supplements.
Dietary Sources of Beta-carotene
Beta-carotene, which is the provitamin of Vitamin A, is from plant sources. The carotenoids, as a group are the pigment of plants. It is easy to remember, because the carotenoid-rich plants are the ones which are highly pigmented such as orange foods: carrots, sweet potatoes, apricots, yellow foods like squash and mangos, and green leafy vegetables like spinach and kale, and peppers which come in all 3 colors.
The absorption and utilization of beta-carotene by the body are influenced by the pre-existing levels of vitamin A already present within the body, owing to its role as a provitamin to vitamin A.
The Carotenoids: Lutein and Zeaxanthin
Safeguarding Macular Health: The Protective Role of Lutein and Zeaxanthin
Lutein and zeaxanthin, two vital carotenoids, are naturally present in the retina and lens, with a particular concentration in the delicate macular region. Known for their ability to absorb blue light, these compounds play an important role in shielding the eye’s light-sensitive layers from the potentially harmful effects of high-energy wavelengths. By reducing free radical formation triggered by blue light energy, lutein and zeaxanthin help combat one of the primary underlying factors contributing to degenerative macular diseases.
How Lutein and Zeaxanthin effect MPD (macular pigment density) and Why It is Important
Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) is a technique of measuring the concentration of these pigmented carotenoids in the macula area. This can indicate the level of protection to the macula and the risk for developing AMD. Patients with lower levels of macular pigment are exposed to more harmful blue light, increasing their risk of developing AMD. These patients are at greatest need of nutritional supplementation. (Ref: Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration…)
MPOD is measured using a specialized instrument that presents the patient with flickering lights of blue and green. The blue wavelength is absorbed by the macular pigment, the green wavelength of light is not absorbed by the macular pigment. The person being tested is told to click the button when they detect flicker, as the radiance of the blue light is adjusted. This test is can be done in the doctor’s office. It is quick and easy.
Studies have shown that the higher concentration of macular pigment, formed by the accumulation of lutein and zeaxanthin, the lower the risk for developing macular degeneration. Another study suggested that supplementing with lutein and zeaxanthin partially reversed vison loss due to macular degeneration. (Ref: Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment…).
Dietary Sources of Lutein and Zeaxanthin
There was a study reported in the British Journal of Ophthalmology which found that egg yolks and corn had the highest levels of lutein and zeaxanthin, but could be found in most green leafy vegetables and colored fruits and vegetables. Lutein enriched egg yolks can be found that were naturally formed by feeding the chickens pigment -rich feed.
Eye Vitamins and the Power of Carotenoids Insights from the AREDS Studies
The NIH National Eye Institute conducted a groundbreaking study known as the ARED Study, examining the effects of supplementation on the progression of macular degeneration. In its sequel, AREDS 2, researchers introduced lutein and zeaxanthin into the supplementation regimen.n.
They found that these two carotenoids reduce the risk for developing advanced age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) by 25% . According to the AREDS 2 recommendation, a daily intake of lutein at 10 mg and zeaxanthin at 2 mg is advised.
With numerous eye vitamin options available, choosing the right one can be challenging. Supplements claiming to be an AREDS formula, which targeted individuals with intermediate or advanced ARMD, typically contain 15 mg of beta-carotene. On the other hand, formulations labeled as AREDS 2 formulas substitute beta-carotene with 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of zeaxanthin. These formulations may also go by the names of ‘aging eye formula‘ or ‘macular formula.’
The AREDS 2 formula:
Vitamin C 500mg / per day
Vitamin E 400 IU / per day
zinc 80 mg / per day
copper 2 mg / per day
lutein 10 mg /per day
zeaxanthin 2 mg / per day
Eye multi-vitamin formulas often incorporate vitamin A, aiming to provide comprehensive support for ocular health. Conversely, formulations described as supporting eye health may not necessarily be multi-vitamins but could contain other supplements deemed beneficial for eye health. These may include omega-3 fatty acids (such as DHA), selenium, vitamin D, among others, recognized for their positive effects on vision.
Moreover, it’s important to note a crucial finding from the AREDS 2 study: beta-carotene can compete with and potentially hinder the absorption of lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin. Therefore, it’s advisable not to take beta-carotene supplements concurrently with other macular pigment carotenoids to ensure optimal absorption and effectiveness.
Brain Health: Another Good Reason to Supplement with the Carotenoids
Recent research has unveiled a link between the levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in the brain and those in the macula. While studies have long extolled the benefits of these carotenoids for visual performance, attention has now turned to their potential impact on brain function.
Numerous investigations have looked into this intriguing question, with initial findings indicating a promising relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin levels, as measured by MPOD (macular pigment optical density), and cognitive function in older adults (Age and Aging,Neurol Aging )
Cognitive functions encompass a spectrum of skills important for everyday life, including learning, memory, problem-solving, and attention. Emerging evidence suggests a close correlation between the concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in both the retina and the brain. In fact, individuals with lower macular pigment levels have been shown to exhibit diminished cognitive function.
Furthermore, carotenoid supplementation has demonstrated benefits not only for older adults but also for younger and healthier individuals, highlighting their potential as cognitive enhancers (Nutrients).
Ongoing research is exploring the potential of macular carotenoids reducing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, offering a beacon of hope in the fight against this debilitating condition (J Alzheimers Dis.).
In the End…
Carotenoids represent a diverse array of nutrients sourced from both plants and animals, playing a pivotal role in promoting overall health. Their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective properties are indispensable in combating diseases such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, all of which stem from pro-oxidant and inflammatory pathways.
Ongoing research continues to unveil the therapeutic potential of carotenoids in managing and even preventing these degenerative eye conditions, offering hope for improved eye health and well-being.
